THE PROSECUTOR Pauline NYIRAMASUHUKO Arsène Shalom NTAHOBALI Sylvain ...

1321 Pages·2015·6.88 MB·English

Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER

Before: Judge Fausto Pocar, Presiding
Judge Carmel Agius
Judge Liu Daqun
Judge Khalida Rachid Khan
Judge Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov

Registrar: Mr. Bongani Majola

Judgement of: 14 December 2015

THE PROSECUTOR

v.

Pauline NYIRAMASUHUKO
Arsène Shalom NTAHOBALI
Sylvain NSABIMANA
Alphonse NTEZIRYAYO
Joseph KANYABASHI
Élie NDAYAMBAJE
Case No. ICTR-98-42-A

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Judgement
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel for Pauline Nyiramasuhuko Office of the Prosecutor
Nicole Bergevin and Guy Poupart Hassan Bubacar Jallow
James J. Arguin
Counsel for Arsène Shalom Ntahobali Deborah Wilkinson
Normand Marquis and Mylène Dimitri François Nsanzuwera
Althea Alexis-Windsor
Counsel for Sylvain Nsabimana
Steffen Wirth
Josette Kadji and Pierre Tientcheu Weledji Tajesh Adhihetty
Jane Mukangira
Counsel for Alphonse Nteziryayo
Alison McFarlane
Frédéric Titinga Pacéré and Chelsea Fewkes
Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa Ghazaleh Meskoob
Nicole Rangel
Counsel for Joseph Kanyabashi
Mickael Herz
Michel Marchand and Alexandra Marcil

Counsel for Élie Ndayambaje
Pierre Boulé and Claver Sindayigaya
I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
A. BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................1
B. TRIAL JUDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................4
C. THE APPEALS...............................................................................................................................8
II. STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW...............................................................................10
III. COMMON GROUNDS OF APPEAL ON FAIRNESS OF THE PROCEEDINGS...........13
A. ARREST AND INITIAL APPEARANCE (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 2; NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.2;
NTEZIRYAYO GROUND 9 IN PART; NDAYAMBAJE GROUND 15 IN PART)...................................13
1. Nyiramasuhuko’s Arrest and Initial Appearance...................................................................13
2. Ntahobali’s Initial Appearance..............................................................................................16
3. Nteziryayo’s Arrest and Initial Appearance..........................................................................19
4. Ndayambaje’s Arrest and Initial Appearance........................................................................21
B. JOINDER OF TRIALS (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUNDS 1 IN PART AND 4; NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.4)23
1. Applicable Law......................................................................................................................24
2. Joinder Decision.....................................................................................................................26
(a) “Same Transaction” Requirement..........................................................................................26
(b) Factors Weighing in Favour of Joinder and Rights of the Accused......................................30
(c) Alleged Bias...........................................................................................................................32
3. Decision Denying Severance.................................................................................................34
4. Order for Cross-Examination and Presentation of Defence Cases........................................38
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................40
C. REPLACEMENT OF JUDGE MAQUTU (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 5; NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.6;
NDAYAMBAJE GROUND 16).....................................................................................................42
1. Reconsideration of the Appeal Decision on Continuation of Trial........................................43
2. Decisions Denying the Recall of Witnesses..........................................................................46
(a) 6 May 2004 Decision on Nyiramasuhuko Motion to Recall Witnesses.................................46
(b) 29 June 2004 Decision...........................................................................................................50
(c) 6 May 2004 Decisions on Ndayambaje Motions to Recall Witnesses QAQ and QAR.........52
3. Alleged Errors in the Trial Judgement...................................................................................54
4. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................57
D. ADDITION OF WITNESSES TO THE PROSECUTION’S WITNESS LIST (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND
10; NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.11)................................................................................................58
E. PRESENCE OF PROSECUTION WITNESSES IN THE COURTROOM DURING OBJECTIONS
(NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.9; NDAYAMBAJE GROUND 14)..........................................................65
F. CROSS-EXAMINATION OF PROSECUTION WITNESS TA (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 12
IN PART; NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.5 IN PART)............................................................................67
G. REFUSAL TO RECALL WITNESSES (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 7 IN PART; NTAHOBALI
GROUND 1.5 IN PART)...............................................................................................................71
1. 3 March 2006 Decision..........................................................................................................72
2. 20 November 2008 Decision.................................................................................................74
3. 9 December 2008 Decision on Motion to Recall Witness TK...............................................77
4. 24 February 2009 Oral Decision............................................................................................79
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................83
H. NSABIMANA’S STATEMENTS (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUNDS 4 AND 19 IN PART; NTAHOBALI
GROUND 3.9 IN PART; NSABIMANA GROUNDS 6 IN PART AND 7)..............................................84
1. Exhibits P113 and P114.........................................................................................................85
2. Exhibit P185...........................................................................................................................93
3. 1996 Telephone Conversations..............................................................................................95
4. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................96
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I. PARTICIPATION OF A FORMER PROSECUTION LEGAL OFFICER IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
TRIAL JUDGEMENT (NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.8; NDAYAMBAJE GROUND 13)............................97
J. ALLEGATIONS OF FALSE TESTIMONY AND CONTEMPT (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 7 IN PART;
NTAHOBALI GROUNDS 1.3 AND 3.12; KANYABASHI GROUND 3.11)........................................99
1. Procedural Background..........................................................................................................99
2. Amici Curiae Reports...........................................................................................................103
(a) Communication of the Amici Curiae Reports......................................................................103
(i) First Amicus Curiae Report..............................................................................................106
(ii) Second Amicus Curiae Reports.......................................................................................107
a. Second Amicus Curiae Report Concerning Witness QA..............................................108
b. Second Amicus Curiae Report Concerning Witnesses QY and SJ...............................109
(b) Failure to Consider the Impact of the Amici Curiae Reports..............................................114
3. Failure to Exclude Evidence and Apply the Requisite Caution...........................................116
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................121
K. RIGHT TO BE TRIED WITHOUT UNDUE DELAY (NYIRAMASUHUKO GROUND 1 IN PART;
NTAHOBALI GROUND 1.1; NTEZIRYAYO GROUND 9; KANYABASHI GROUND 6; NDAYAMBAJE
GROUND 15 IN PART).............................................................................................................123
1. Length of the Delay, Complexity of the Proceedings, and Conduct of the Parties
and Relevant Authorities...................................................................................................125
2. Prejudice..............................................................................................................................138
3. Remedy................................................................................................................................140
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................142
IV. APPEAL OF PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO...................................................................143
A. FAIRNESS OF THE PROCEEDINGS (GROUNDS 8, 9, 11, AND 12 IN PART)....................................144
1. Appearance of Bias (Ground 8)...........................................................................................144
2. Expert Witness Guichaoua’s Report and Testimony (Ground 9)........................................146
(a) Admission of the Guichaoua Report....................................................................................148
(b) Expert Witness Guichaoua’s Testimony..............................................................................151
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................152
3. Undue Limitation of Prosecution Witnesses Cross-Examinations (Ground 11).................153
4. Disclosure of Evidence (Ground 12 in part)........................................................................153
(a) Disclosure of Names of the Prosecution Witnesses’ Parents...............................................154
(b) Disclosure of Statements of Former RPA Members............................................................155
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................155
B. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 3, 14-18, AND 26 IN PART).................................................................156
1. Amendment of the Indictment (Ground 3)..........................................................................156
(a) Leave to Amend the Indictment...........................................................................................158
(b) Dismissal of Requests for Additional Information..............................................................160
2. Conspiracy to Commit Genocide (Ground 18)....................................................................162
3. Butare Prefecture Office (Grounds 14 to 17).......................................................................171
(a) Killings.................................................................................................................................173
(b) Rapes....................................................................................................................................176
(c) Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................185
(d) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................191
4. Distribution of Condoms (Ground 26 in part).....................................................................192
5. Cumulative Effect of the Defects (Ground 14)....................................................................194
6. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................196
C. FABRICATION OF EVIDENCE AND GENOCIDE SURVIVOR GROUPS (GROUND 13)......................198
D. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT GENOCIDE (GROUND 19).................................................................200
1. Appearance of Bias..............................................................................................................201
2. Reliance on Nyiramasuhuko’s Testimony...........................................................................203
3. Expert Evidence...................................................................................................................204
4. 27 April Directive................................................................................................................207
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5. Nsabimana’s Swearing-In Ceremony..................................................................................210
(a) Kambanda’s and Sindikubwabo’s Speeches........................................................................211
(i) Ntakirutimana Reports......................................................................................................211
(ii) Expert Witnesses Des Forges and Reyntjens...................................................................213
(iii) Expert Witness Shimamungu.........................................................................................215
(iv) Witness RV.....................................................................................................................216
(v) Interpretation of the Speeches..........................................................................................218
(b) Commencement of the Widespread Killings in Butare Prefecture......................................220
6. Incoherent and Contradictory Findings...............................................................................222
7. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................229
E. ALIBIS (GROUNDS 20-22).........................................................................................................230
1. Notice of Alibi.....................................................................................................................230
2. Assessment of Alibi Evidence.............................................................................................233
(a) Alibi for 14 to 16 May 1994.................................................................................................234
(b) Alibis for Early June to 19 June 1994..................................................................................238
(i) Reversal of the Burden of Proof.......................................................................................240
(ii) Nyiramasuhuko’s Evidence.............................................................................................240
(iii) Other Defence Evidence.................................................................................................246
a. Witness Denise Ntahobali.............................................................................................246
b. Witness Clarisse Ntahobali...........................................................................................249
c. Witness Edmond Babin.................................................................................................250
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................252
F. BUTARE PREFECTURE OFFICE (GROUNDS 23-25, 28-31)..........................................................253
1. Imprecise and Improper Findings........................................................................................253
(a) Killings.................................................................................................................................253
(b) Rapes....................................................................................................................................262
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................265
2. Assessment of Evidence......................................................................................................265
(a) Unpleaded and Prejudicial Evidence....................................................................................266
(b) Collusion..............................................................................................................................271
(c) Identification Evidence........................................................................................................274
(i) In-Court Identification......................................................................................................274
(ii) Prior Knowledge..............................................................................................................275
a. Witness SU....................................................................................................................276
b. Witness SD....................................................................................................................277
c. Witness SS.....................................................................................................................278
d. Witness SJ.....................................................................................................................281
(iii) Identification at the Butare Prefecture Office.................................................................282
a. Witness TA....................................................................................................................282
b. Witness QJ.....................................................................................................................285
c. Witness TK....................................................................................................................286
d. Witness RE....................................................................................................................289
e. Witness FAP..................................................................................................................291
f. Witness QY....................................................................................................................293
g. Witness QBQ.................................................................................................................294
(iv) Conclusion......................................................................................................................297
(d) Mid-May Attack...................................................................................................................298
(e) Night of Three Attacks.........................................................................................................307
(i) Timing and Number of Attacks........................................................................................308
(ii) Failure to Consider Witness TA’s and SD’s Evidence....................................................314
(iii) Abductions of Mbasha’s Wife and Children and of Unnamed Woman and Children...315
a. Same Attack...................................................................................................................316
b. Mbasha’s Wife and Children.........................................................................................319
c. Unnamed Woman and Children....................................................................................323
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015
(iv) Nyiramasuhuko’s Presence, Conduct, and Orders to Commit Rapes.............................324
(v) Trifina..............................................................................................................................329
(vi) Killing Locations and Abductions of Semanyenzi.........................................................332
(vii) Conclusion.....................................................................................................................335
(f) First Half of June Attacks.....................................................................................................335
3. Ordering Responsibility.......................................................................................................341
4. Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................348
(a) Superior-Subordinate Relationship and Effective Control over the Interahamwe...............349
(b) Superior Responsibility for Direct Participation in a Crime................................................355
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................355
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................356
G. DISTRIBUTION OF CONDOMS (GROUNDS 26 IN PART AND 27)...................................................357
1. Assessment of Evidence......................................................................................................358
2. Nyiramasuhuko’s Genocidal Intent.....................................................................................363
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................365
V. APPEAL OF ARSÈNE SHALOM NTAHOBALI.................................................................366
A. FAIRNESS OF THE PROCEEDINGS...............................................................................................367
1. Amendment of the Rules (Ground 1.7)................................................................................367
2. Admissibility of Documentary Evidence (Ground 1.10).....................................................371
3. Suspension of Lead Investigator (Ground 1.12)..................................................................372
4. Cumulative Effect of the Violations (Ground 1.13)............................................................376
B. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 2.1 TO 2.7).........................................................................................378
1. Amendment of the Indictment (Ground 2.6).......................................................................378
2. Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technique (Ground 2.1)............................................381
(a) Whether the Defects Were Curable......................................................................................382
(b) Whether the Defects Were Cured........................................................................................386
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................395
3. Hotel Ihuliro Roadblock (Ground 2.2 in part).....................................................................395
(a) Committing Killings.............................................................................................................397
(b) Ordering the Killing of Léopold Ruvurajabo.......................................................................401
(c) Committing the Rape of a Tutsi Girl....................................................................................404
4. Killing of the Rwamukwaya Family (Ground 2.3)..............................................................409
(a) Whether the Defects Were Curable......................................................................................410
(b) Whether the Defects Were Cured........................................................................................413
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................419
5. Butare Prefecture Office (Ground 2.5 in part).....................................................................419
(a) Killings.................................................................................................................................420
(b) Rapes....................................................................................................................................425
6. École Évangéliste du Rwanda (Ground 2.4 in part)............................................................432
(a) Whether the Indictment Was Defective...............................................................................434
(b) Whether the Defects Were Cured........................................................................................438
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................440
7. Superior Responsibility (Grounds 2.2, 2.4 and 2.5 in part).................................................441
(a) Identification of Subordinates..............................................................................................442
(b) Criminal Conduct of Subordinates.......................................................................................446
(c) Knowledge of the Subordinates’ Criminal Conduct............................................................446
(d) Failure to Prevent or Punish.................................................................................................448
(e) Conclusion............................................................................................................................449
8. Cumulative Effect of the Defects (Ground 2.7)...................................................................449
9. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................453
C. EXPERT WITNESS GUICHAOUA’S STATUS AND EVIDENCE (GROUND 3.7)................................455
D. ADMISSION AND ASSESSMENT OF CO-ACCUSED’S EVIDENCE (GROUND 3.10).........................456
E. ALIBIS (GROUND 3.11).............................................................................................................458
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1. Alibi for Late April to Early May 1994...............................................................................459
2. Alibi for 26 or 27 May to 5 June 1994.................................................................................463
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................468
F. INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE (GROUNDS 3.1 AND 4.5)....................469
1. Assessment of Evidence......................................................................................................469
(a) Inconsistencies and Insufficient Caution..............................................................................470
(b) Identification Evidence........................................................................................................475
(c) Exculpatory Evidence..........................................................................................................478
(d) Additional Evidence Admitted on Appeal...........................................................................480
(e) Conclusion............................................................................................................................483
2. Ordering Responsibility.......................................................................................................483
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................485
G. HOTEL IHULIRO ROADBLOCK (GROUNDS 3.2, 3.3, AND 4.2, 4.3 IN PART).................................486
1. Imprecise and Unsupported Findings..................................................................................487
2. Date of Establishment of the Roadblock.............................................................................491
(a) Evidence Relied Upon by the Trial Chamber......................................................................492
(b) Failure to Consider Defence Evidence.................................................................................494
(c) Evidence on UNAMIR’s Departure.....................................................................................497
(d) Defence Evidence and Reversal of Burden of Proof...........................................................498
(e) Conclusion............................................................................................................................502
3. Killing of Léopold Ruvurajabo............................................................................................502
(a) Assessment of Evidence.......................................................................................................502
(i) Insufficient Caution..........................................................................................................502
(ii) Prior Inconsistent Statement............................................................................................505
(iii) Identification Evidence...................................................................................................507
(iv) Failure to Consider Evidence..........................................................................................507
(v) Contradictory Findings....................................................................................................509
(vi) Additional Evidence Admitted on Appeal......................................................................511
(vii) Conclusion.....................................................................................................................512
(b) Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................512
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................516
4. Rape and Murder of a Tutsi Girl..........................................................................................516
(a) Inconsistencies.....................................................................................................................517
(b) Identification Evidence........................................................................................................522
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................525
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................525
H. KILLING OF THE RWAMUKWAYA FAMILY (GROUNDS 3.4 AND 4.7)..........................................526
I. BUTARE PREFECTURE OFFICE (GROUNDS 3.6, 3.9 IN PART, 4.2-4.4)..........................................530
1. Imprecise and Unsupported Findings..................................................................................530
(a) Killings.................................................................................................................................532
(i) 19 April to Mid-May Attacks...........................................................................................532
(ii) Last Half of May Attacks................................................................................................533
(iii) Night of Three Attacks and First Half of June Attacks..................................................535
(b) Rapes....................................................................................................................................540
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................547
2. Assessment of the Evidence.................................................................................................548
(a) General Challenges..............................................................................................................550
(i) Reversal of the Burden of Proof.......................................................................................550
(ii) Unpleaded and Prejudicial Evidence...............................................................................551
(iii) Rejection of Admissible Evidence.................................................................................554
(iv) Inference of Trauma........................................................................................................555
(v) Expert Evidence...............................................................................................................557
(vi) Exculpatory Evidence.....................................................................................................558
(b) Identification Evidence........................................................................................................561
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015
(i) General Challenges...........................................................................................................562
a. Hearsay Evidence..........................................................................................................562
b. Identification Parade and In-Court Identification..........................................................565
(ii) Mid-May Attack and Last Half of May Attacks..............................................................567
(iii) Night of Three Attacks...................................................................................................574
a. Witnesses TK and SJ.....................................................................................................575
i. Witness TK................................................................................................................575
ii. Witness SJ.................................................................................................................577
b. Abduction of Mbasha’s Wife and Children..................................................................579
c. The Vehicle....................................................................................................................585
(iv) Conclusion......................................................................................................................591
(c) Mid-May Attack and Last Half of May Attacks..................................................................591
(i) Mid-May Attack...............................................................................................................592
(ii) Last Half of May Attacks................................................................................................596
(iii) Contradictory Findings and Evidence............................................................................602
(iv) Additional Credibility Challenges..................................................................................606
(v) Conclusion.......................................................................................................................613
(d) Night of Three Attacks.........................................................................................................613
(i) Timing of the Night of Three Attacks..............................................................................614
(ii) Credibility and Reliability of Prosecution Witnesses......................................................617
a. Witnesses QY and SJ.....................................................................................................617
b. Witness QBQ.................................................................................................................619
c. Witness FAP..................................................................................................................623
d. Witnesses SS and SU....................................................................................................626
e. Witness RE....................................................................................................................633
(iii) Failure to Consider Witnesses TA’s and SD’s Evidence...............................................634
(iv) Abduction of Mbasha’s Wife and Children....................................................................636
(v) Other Abductions.............................................................................................................641
(vi) General Inconsistencies..................................................................................................645
(vii) Conclusion.....................................................................................................................647
(e) First Half of June Attacks.....................................................................................................647
(i) Rapes of Witness TA........................................................................................................647
(ii) Killings............................................................................................................................653
(iii) Conclusion......................................................................................................................658
(f) Number of Refugees Abducted and Killed...........................................................................658
3. Ordering Responsibility.......................................................................................................661
(a) Ordering Killings..................................................................................................................662
(b) Ordering Rapes....................................................................................................................668
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................671
4. Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................672
(a) Imprecise Findings...............................................................................................................673
(b) Assessment of Evidence.......................................................................................................675
(c) Conclusion............................................................................................................................678
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................679
J. ÉCOLE ÉVANGELISTE DU RWANDA (GROUNDS 3.5, 4.1, 4.2, AND 4.3 IN PART).........................680
1. Imprecise Findings...............................................................................................................680
2. Assessment of Evidence......................................................................................................685
(a) Reversal of Burden of Proof and Assessment of Exculpatory Evidence.............................685
(b) Identification Evidence........................................................................................................690
(i) Witness RE.......................................................................................................................690
(ii) Witness QY......................................................................................................................693
(iii) Witness SX.....................................................................................................................696
(iv) Witness TB.....................................................................................................................698
(v) Conclusion.......................................................................................................................699
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015
(c) Evidence Concerning Attacks..............................................................................................699
(i) Timing of Events and Number of Refugees.....................................................................699
(ii) Presence and Involvement of Ntahobali During Attacks.................................................703
a. Ntahobali’s Presence During the Attack Described by Witness RE.............................705
b. Ntahobali’s Presence During the Attack Described by Witness QY............................709
c. Ntahobali’s Presence During the Attacks Described by Witness SX............................714
(iii) Killings...........................................................................................................................716
(iv) Conclusion......................................................................................................................718
(d) Expert Evidence...................................................................................................................718
(e) Conclusion............................................................................................................................719
3. Aiding and Abetting Responsibility.....................................................................................719
(a) Absence from the Crime Scene............................................................................................720
(b) Reliance on Prior Conduct...................................................................................................721
(c) Authority over Interahamwe and Soldiers...........................................................................723
(d) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................725
4. Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................725
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................731
K. NEXUS BETWEEN CRIMES AND ARMED CONFLICT (GROUND 4.8)...........................................732
L. CRIME OF EXTERMINATION (GROUND 4.9)...............................................................................733
M. CRIME OF PERSECUTION (GROUND 4.6)...................................................................................736
VI. APPEAL OF SYLVAIN NSABIMANA................................................................................743
A. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 1, 2, AND 11)......................................................................................744
B. NSABIMANA’S SWEARING-IN CEREMONY (GROUND 4)............................................................751
C. ADMISSION AND RELIANCE ON PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE (GROUNDS 5, 6 AND 13 IN PART).......753
1. Evidence of Witnesses Not Identified As Testifying Against Nsabimana..........................754
2. Witness TK’s Evidence of an Unpleaded Allegation..........................................................760
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................761
D. BUTARE PREFECTURE OFFICE (GROUNDS 6 IN PART, 7-10, 12, 13 IN PART, 14)........................762
1. Actus Reus (Grounds 8 to 10, and 12 in part)......................................................................762
(a) Legal Duty to Act.................................................................................................................762
(b) Substantial Assistance..........................................................................................................764
(c) Ability to Act........................................................................................................................765
(d) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................769
2. Mens Rea (Grounds 6 in part, 7, 12 and 13 in part, 14).......................................................769
(a) Knowledge of Crimes...........................................................................................................770
(i) Exhibits P113 and P114....................................................................................................770
(ii) Nsabimana’s Testimony..................................................................................................772
(iii) Prosecution Evidence and Open and Notorious Nature of the Attacks..........................776
(iv) Conclusion......................................................................................................................779
(b) Knowledge of Genocidal Intent of the Perpetrators.............................................................779
(c) Knowledge that His Failure to Act Assisted in the Commission of the Crimes..................782
(d) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................784
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................784
VII. APPEAL OF ALPHONSE NTEZIRYAYO........................................................................785
A. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 1, 2, AND 3)........................................................................................786
1. Ndayambaje’s Swearing-In Ceremony (Ground 1).............................................................786
2. Muyaga and Kibayi Meetings (Grounds 2 and 3)................................................................791
(a) Muyaga Commune Meeting.................................................................................................794
(b) Kibayi Commune Meeting...................................................................................................799
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................804
B. NDAYAMBAJE’S SWEARING-IN CEREMONY (GROUND 4).........................................................806
1. Assessment of Prosecution Evidence...................................................................................806
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015
(a) Witnesses QAQ and QAR....................................................................................................807
(b) Insufficient Caution..............................................................................................................807
(c) Nteziryayo’s Words and Order of Speeches........................................................................810
(d) Date......................................................................................................................................815
(e) Attendees..............................................................................................................................819
(f) Time......................................................................................................................................822
(g) Different Meeting.................................................................................................................824
2. Assessment of Defence Evidence........................................................................................828
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................830
C. MUYAGA COMMUNE MEETING (GROUND 5)............................................................................831
1. Insufficient Caution.............................................................................................................832
2. Timing of the Meeting.........................................................................................................834
3. Identification Evidence........................................................................................................836
4. Similarities Between Prosecution and Defence Evidence...................................................838
5. Nteziryayo’s Presence Elsewhere From 17 June 1994 Onwards.........................................840
6. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................843
D. KIBAYI COMMUNE MEETING (GROUND 6)...............................................................................844
1. Insufficient Caution.............................................................................................................845
2. Identification Evidence........................................................................................................847
3. Similarities and Differences Between Prosecution and Defence Evidence.........................850
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................853
E. PREJUDICIAL ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE (GROUNDS 7 AND 8).................................................855
VIII. APPEAL OF JOSEPH KANYABASHI.............................................................................857
A. VARIATION OF WITNESS LIST AND REOPENING OF CASE (GROUNDS 1.7, 3.9, AND 3.10).........858
1. 15 February 2008 Decision..................................................................................................859
(a) Variation of the Witness List in Relation to Kabakobwa Hill.............................................859
(b) Variation of the Witness List in Relation to the Incitement by Megaphone........................861
2. 2 July 2008 Decision............................................................................................................865
3. 19 January 2009 Decision....................................................................................................867
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................870
B. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.7 IN PART, 3.1)...........................................................871
1. Kabakobwa Hill (Ground 1.1).............................................................................................871
2. Matyazo Clinic (Grounds 2.1, 2.2, and 2.7 in part).............................................................878
(a) Dates of the Attack...............................................................................................................879
(b) Superior Responsibility........................................................................................................882
3. Incitement by Megaphone (Ground 3.1)..............................................................................886
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................894
C. KABAKOBWA HILL (GROUNDS 1.2-1.7)....................................................................................896
D. MATYAZO CLINIC (GROUNDS 2.1 TO 2.6, 2.7 IN PART).............................................................897
E. INCITEMENT BY MEGAPHONE (GROUNDS 3.2 TO 3.8)...............................................................902
1. Assessment of Evidence......................................................................................................902
(a) Fabrication of Evidence.......................................................................................................903
(b) Exculpatory Evidence..........................................................................................................908
(c) Modus Operandi...................................................................................................................909
(d) Late May 1994 Megaphone Announcement........................................................................911
(i) Identification.....................................................................................................................911
(ii) Credibility........................................................................................................................914
(iii) Corroboration..................................................................................................................917
(iv) Reversal of Burden of Proof...........................................................................................918
(v) Relationships with Witnesses..........................................................................................922
(vi) Conclusion......................................................................................................................923
(e) Mid-June 1994 Megaphone Announcement........................................................................925
(i) Identification.....................................................................................................................925
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015
(ii) Credibility........................................................................................................................926
(iii) Reversal of Burden of Proof...........................................................................................928
(iv) Conclusion......................................................................................................................929
(f) Killings.................................................................................................................................930
(g) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................931
2. Criminal Responsibility.......................................................................................................932
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................935
IX. APPEAL OF ÉLIE NDAYAMBAJE.....................................................................................936
A. INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 1 TO 6)...............................................................................................937
1. Mugombwa Church (Grounds 1, 2, and 6 in part)...............................................................937
(a) Location, Dates, and Participation in the Attacks................................................................939
(b) Aiding and Abetting Responsibility.....................................................................................944
(c) Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide.............................................................947
2. Kabuye Hill (Grounds 5, and 6 in part)...............................................................................953
(a) Interception at Ngiryi Bridge and Forced Return to Gisagara.............................................955
(b) Transportation of Attackers.................................................................................................957
(c) Distribution of Weapons......................................................................................................958
(d) Authority Over Unidentified Attackers................................................................................959
(e) Responsibility for Aiding and Abetting...............................................................................960
3. Ndayambaje’s Swearing-In Ceremony (Grounds 3, and 6 in part).....................................962
(a) Whether the Defect Was Curable.........................................................................................965
(b) Whether the Defect Was Cured...........................................................................................967
4. Abduction of Tutsi Women and Girls in Mugombwa (Grounds 4, and 6 in part)...............973
(a) Whether the Defect Was Curable.........................................................................................975
(b) Whether the Defect Was Cured...........................................................................................975
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................982
B. BIAS (GROUND 8).....................................................................................................................983
C. ALIBI (GROUND 7)....................................................................................................................988
1. Notice of Alibi.....................................................................................................................988
2. Reversal of the Burden of Proof..........................................................................................994
3. Assessment of Alibi Evidence.............................................................................................997
(a) Failure to Consider Evidence...............................................................................................998
(b) Relationships with Alibi Witnesses...................................................................................1000
(c) Assessment of the Alibi Evidence......................................................................................1001
(i) Ndayambaje....................................................................................................................1001
(ii) Witness Tiziano.............................................................................................................1004
(iii) Witness Stan.................................................................................................................1007
(iv) Witness MARVA..........................................................................................................1010
(v) Witness GABON...........................................................................................................1012
(vi) Witness KEPIR.............................................................................................................1013
4. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................1015
D. DENIAL OF SITE VISITS (GROUND 12)....................................................................................1016
E. MUGOMBWA CHURCH (GROUNDS 9 IN PART, AND 17)............................................................1020
1. Assessment of Witness QAR’s Evidence..........................................................................1021
(a) Presence of Ndayambaje at Mugombwa Church...............................................................1021
(b) Identification under Difficult Circumstances.....................................................................1025
(c) Inconsistencies and Contradictions within Witness QAR’s Evidence...............................1027
2. Contradictions in Prosecution Evidence............................................................................1031
3. Lack of Corroboration........................................................................................................1034
4. Assessment of Defence Evidence......................................................................................1038
(a) Witness JAMES.................................................................................................................1038
(b) Witness MAJIK..................................................................................................................1039
(c) Witness BOZAN................................................................................................................1041
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Case No. ICTR-98-42-A 14 December 2015