The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India PDF
Preview The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India
JACKSON SCHOOL PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES JACKSON SCHOOL PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Senator Henry M. Jackson was convinced that the study of the history, cultures, political systems, and languages of the world's major regions was an essential pre requisite for wise decision making in international relations. In recognition of his deep commitment to higher education and advanced scholarship, this series of publications has been established through the generous support of the Henry M. Jackson Foundation, in cooperation with the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. and the University of Washington Press. 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Kwan Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe, edited by Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid Days of Defeat and Victory, by Yegor Gaidar THE PRODUCTION OF Hindu-Muslim Violence IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA PAUL R. BRASS UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS Seattle and London This publication was supported in part by the Jackson School Publications Fund, established through the generous support of the Henry M. Jackson Foundation and other donors, in cooperation with the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies and the University of Washington Press. Copyright © 2003 by the University of Washington Press Designed by Pamela Canell Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brass, Paul R. The production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in contemporary India i Paul R. Brass. p. cm. - (Jackson SchooI publications in international studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-295-98506-2 (alk. paper) 1. Communalism-India-Aligarh. 2. Riots-India-Aligarh. 3. Hindus--Illdia--Aligarh. 4. Muslims-India-Aligarh. 1. Title. II. Series. DS422.c64873 2003 954'.2-DC21 2002027192 The paper used in this publication is acid-free and recycled from 10 percent post-consumer and at least 50 percent pre-consumer waste. It meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.@()\ In memory of my teacher, MYRON WEINER, ever a source of inspiration, ever a friend CONTENTS Abbreviations Used in This Book ix Maps, Figures, and Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgments xv PART I I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Explaining Communal Violence 5 PART II I COMMUNAL RIOTS IN INDIA AND ALIGARH 2 I Aligarh: Politics, Population, and Social Organization 43 31 Hindu-Muslim Violence in India and Aligarh 60 41 The Great Aligarh Riots of December 1990 and January 1991 116 5 I The Control of Communal Conflict in Aligarh 132 PART III I DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF RIOTS 6 I The Geography and Demography of Riots 149 7 I The Economics of Riots: Economic Competition and Victimization 199 vii viii I Contents PART IV / RIOTS AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS 81 Riots and Elections 219 9 1 The Practice of Communal Politics 240 10 I Communalization and Polarization: Selected Constituency-Wise Results for Aligarh Elections 262 11 I Communal Solidarity and Division at the Local Level 286 12 I The Decline of Communal Violence and the Transformation of Electoral Competition 296 PART V / THE PROCESS OF BLAME DISPLACEMENT 131 Riot Interpretation, Blame Displacement, and the Communal Discourse 305 141 Police Views of Hindu-Muslim Violence 328 15 / The Role of the Media 344 PART VI/CONCLUSION 16/ The Persistence of Hindu-Muslim Violence: The Dynamics of Riot Production 355 Postscript: Aligarh and Gujarat 385 Appendices 393 Notes 413 Index 463 Index of Mohallas 475 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK ADM additional district magistrate AMU A1igarh Muslim University AMUSU A1igarh Muslim University Students Union BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BJS Bharatiya Jan Sangh BKD Bharatiya Kranti Dal BLD Bharatiya Lok Dal BSF Border Security Force BSP Bahujan Samaj Party CPI Communist Party of India CRPF Central Reserve Police Force DM district magistrate DSP deputy superintendent of police FIR First Information Report INC Indian National Congress lSI Inter Services Intelligence LA Legislative Assembly LS Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament) MLA Member, Legislative Assembly MP Member of Parliament ix
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