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Proceedings of The Nutrition Society Edited for The Nutrition Society Proceedings Editor K M Younger Proceedings of the Irish Section P J A Sheehy Proceedings of the Scottish Section J K Chesters Editorial Staff I E Sambrook (Executive Editor) A S Thiruchelvam (Assistant Executive Editor) A Mathers (Editorial Assistant) C T Hughes, S M Kingman, C M Taylor (Technical Editors) VOLUME 57, 1998 Gb) CABI Publishing Published by CABI Publishing on behalf of The Nutrition Society CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK and 10E 40th Street, Suite 3203, New York, NY 10016, USA © The Nutrition Society 1998 Printed in the United Kingdom by Alden Press, Oxford Contents of Volume 57, 1998 (All rights reserved) Nutritional aspects of exercise (Symposium Proceedings: 16—18 June 1997) Chairs: M. J. Gibney, Trinity College, Dublin, R. Maughan, University Medical School, Aberdeen; 1. Macdonald, Nottingham Dietary macro- and micronutrient requirements of endurance athletes. Clyde Williams Free radicals, exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Mitchell Kanter The sports drink as a functional food: formulations for successful performance. R. J. Maughan Influence of diet on the metabolic responses to exercise. Lawrence L. Spriet & Sandra J. Peters Amino acid metabolism, branched-chain amino acid feeding and brain monoamine function. P. M. Jakeman Nutrition, exercise and the immune system. Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Kenneth Ostrowski, Thomas Rohde & Helle Bruunsgaard Use of endogenous carbohydrate and fat as fuels during exercise. Wade H. Martin Ill & Samuel Klein The nutritional demands of very prolonged exercise in man Mike Stroud Exercise and postprandial lipid metabolism. Adrianne E. Hardman & Sara L. Herd Effect of high-fat diets on exercise performance. Bente Kiens & Jorn W. Helge he relationship between physical activity and food intake. Neil A. King 77-84 Exercise and obesity. Tracy J. Horton & James O. Hill 85-91 Exercise prescription for weight management. Andrew P. Hills & Nuala M. Byrne 93-103 Early environmental, genetic and nutritional influences on adult disease (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: C. J. Seal, University of Newcastle Maternal nutrition, placental growth and fetal programming. Keith Godfrey & Sian Robinson 105-111 Glucocorticoids and the preparation for life after birth: are there long-term consequences of the life insurance? Abigail L. Fowden, Juan Li & Alison J. Forhead 113-122 Fetal origins of cardivascular risk: evidence from studies in children Peter H. Whincup Reproductive outcomes in women prenatally exposed to undernutrition: a review of findings from the Dutch famine birth cohort L. H. Lumey Can nutrition intervention make a difference? (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: C. J. K. Henry, Oxford Brookes University Combating micronutrient deficiencies: problems and perspectives David J. Alnwick rhe anthropometric status of schoolchildren in five countries in the Partnership for Child Development Partnership for Child Development Vitamin A and public health: challenges for the next decade David A Ross Nutrition interventions to reduce diarrhoea morbidity and mortality Ann Ashworth Plenary Lectures (9—// July 1997) Gene-—environment interactions in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: lessons learned from the Pima Indians Richard E. Pratle Diet and cancer prevention: the Concerted Action Polyp Prevention (CAPP) Studies J. Burn, P. D. Chapman, D. T. Bishop & J. Mathers Genetics, calcium intake and osteoporosis John A. Eismar Nutrient regulation of cell proliferation and death (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: D. S. Parker, Un ity of Newcastle upon Tyne Nutritional and hormonal regulation of hair follicle growth and development Hugh Galbraith Nutritional and hormonal control of skeletal-muscle cell growth and differentiation John M. Brameld, Peter J. Buttery, Janet M.D awson & Jane M. M. Harper Nutrient regulation of intestinal proliferation and apoptosis J. C. Mathers Student Symposium (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: R. Bennett, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Some aspects of the metabolic response to surgical trauma 4. R. Bosagh Zadeh & P. W. Emery he role of nutrition and diet in rheumatoid arthritis Rosemary H. Martin he effect of prenatal diet and glucocorticoids on growth and systolic blood pressure in the rat David S. Gardner, Alan A. Jackson & Simon C. Langley-Evans Nutrition, immunity and the fetal and infant origins of disease hypothesis in developing countries Sophie , Moore Nutrient regulation of gene expression (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chairs: M. J. Rennie, University of Dundee; M. Elia, Cambridge Molecular biological approaches to nutrient—gene interactions. John K. Chesters 249-256 Response of placental amino acid transport to gestational age and intrauterine growth retardation. James C. Matthews, Mark J. Beveridge, Marc S. Malandro, Michael S. Kilberg & Donald A. Novak Regulation of liver gene expression by glucose Franck Rencurel & Jean Girard Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids. Elizabeth A. Miles & Philip C. Calder Post-translational events in the intracellular transit of apolipoprotein-B: modulation by dietary lipids. Joan A. Higgins, John Kendrick, Jane Wilkinson & lan Cartwright 293-299 Antioxidant micronutrients and gene expression. M. J. Jackson, A. McArdle & F. McArdle 301-305 A role of zinc in the regulation of gene expression. Robert J. Cousins 307-311 Measuring nutrient intake (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: J. C. Mathers, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Measuring food intake in farm and laboratory animals. Bert J. Tolkamp, Jon E. L. Day & Ilias Kyriazakis 313-319 Measuring food intake in wild animals: primates David J. Chivers Measuring intake in free-living human subjects: a question of bias. Lauren Lissner, Berit L. Heitmann & Anna Karin Lindroos Nutrition Society Medal Lecture (9—// July 1997) Appetite, feeding behaviour and energy balance in human subjects. R. James Stubbs Measuring nutrient intake (Symposium Proceedings: 9-11 July 1997) Chair: J. C. Mathers, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Methodological issues relating to the measurement of food, energy and nutrient intake in human laboratory-based studies. R. J. Stubbs, A. M. Johnstone, L. M. O'Reilly & S. D. Poppitt Sir David Cuthbertson Prize Medal Lecture (2-4 December 1997) Chair: M. Elia, Cambridge Metabolic abnormalities and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Derek C. Macallan 373-380 Nutrition and gut barrier function (Symposium Proceedings: 2-4 December 1997) Chair: M. Elia, Cambridge Nutritional implications of gut overgrowth and selective decontamination of the digestive tract S. C. Donnell, N. Taylor, H. K. F. van Saene, A. Pierro & D. A. Lloyd 381-387 Bacterial translocation during enteral and parenteral nutrition J. Wesley Alexander Nutritional modulation of gut inflammation Brian J. Rowlands & Keith R. Gardine1 Growth factors and gut function N. J. Seare & R. J. Playford Leptin: energy regulation and beyond (Symposium Proceedings: 18 February 1998) Chair: J. F. Andrews, Trinity College, Dublin Leptin: energy regulation and beyond to a hormone with pan-physiological function J. F. Andrews Regulation of leptin production: a dominant role for the sympathetic nervous system? Paul Trayhurn, Jacqueline S. Duncan, Nigel Hoggard & D. Vernon Rayne Leptin and reproduction Nigel Hoggard, Leif Hunter, Paul Trayhurn, Lynda M. Williams & Julian G. Merce Overview: neurobiology of OB protein (leptin) L. Arthur Campfield & Francoise J. Smith Localization of leptin receptor splice variants in mouse peripheral tissues by immunohistochemistry R. De Matteis, K. Dashtipour, A. Ognibene & S. Cinti Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin Michael A. Cawthorne, Nicholas M. Morton, Anna L. Pallett, Yong-Ling Liu & Valur Emilsson Effects of leptin on mitochondrial proton leak and uncoupling proteins: implications for mammalian energy metabolism Richard K. Porter & J. Fred Andrews Leptin production in human adipose tissue Simon W. Coppack, Jonathan H. Pinkney & Vidya Mohamed-Ali ob gene mutations and human obesity Sadaf Faroogi, Harald Rau, Jonathan Whitehead & Stephen O'Rahill) Human and clinical perspectives on leptin Werner F. Blum, Piera Englaro, Andrea M. Attanasio, Wieland Kiess & Wolfgang Rascher Lipids and the immune system (Symposium Proceedings: 5 December 1997) Chairs: P. C. Calder, University of Southampton, L. S. Harbige, University of Greenwich, W. J. Morrow, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions Philip C. Calder n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune function Dayone Wu & Simin Nikbin Meydani Monounsaturated fats and immune function Parveen Yaqoob In vitro and in vivo effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human monocyte function David A. Hughes The effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neutrophils Richard I. Sperling Dietary lipids and the inflammmatory response R. F. Grimble The effects of dietary lipids on gene expression and apoptosis Gabriel Fernandes, Dean A. Troyer & Christopher A. Jolly Phospholipase A, (EC 3.1.1.4) and D (EC 3.1.4.4) signalling in lymphocytes Michael J. O. Wakelam & Margaret M. Harnett 551-554 Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in immunity and autoimmune disease Laurence S. Harbige 555-562 n-6 and n-3 Essential fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic conditions J. J. F. Belch & A. Muir 563-569 The anti-cachectic effect of fatty acids Matthew D. Barber, James A. Ross & Kenneth C. H. Fearon 571-576 Use of fish oil to prevent graft rejection Helmut Grimm, Friedrich Grimminger, Stephan Korom & Werner Seeger 577-585 Nutrition and the elderly (Symposium Proceedings: 19 February 1998) Chair: N. P. Kennedy, Trinity College, Dublin Protein—energy malnutrition in older subjects John E. Morley 587-592 Malnutrition or healthy senescence W. Cameron Chumlea, Bruno Vellas & Shumei S. Guo 593-598 Nutrition assessment methods for the older Irish adult in the clinical and community settings Ruth P. Charles 599-602 Taste, flavour and palatability (Symposium Proceedings: 6—7 April 1998) Chairs: Anne de Looy, Queen Margaret College; Terry Kirk, Queen Margaret College: Carrie Ruxton, The Sugar Bureau, London Taste and flavour perception Margaret P. Woods 603-607 Taste, palatability and the control of appetite Martin R. Yeomans 609-615 Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life Leann L. Birch 617-624 Taste and appetite regulation in the elderly Marion M. Hetherington 625-631 Clinical undernutrition states and their influence on taste H. I. M. Davidson, R. M. Pattison & R. A. Richardson 633-638 Taste and flavour: their importance in food choice and acceptance Jane E. Clark 639-643 Abstracts of Communications The effects of ageing, vitamin D and growth hormone on ectopic bone formation in the rat. Kevin Cashman & James C. Fleet The effect of copper sulphate supplementation on fibrinolytic factors in healthy subjects. M. S. Faughnan, M. Bonham, A. McKeown, J. M. O’Conner, E. Turley, J. Coulter, W. S. Gilmore & J. J. Strain Teas and wines as potentially important sources of dietary antioxidants; an in vitro comparison study. I. F. F. Benzie & J. J. Strain Is dietary consumption of fruit and vegetables reflected in the plasma carotenoid profiles of older people? Y. Carroll, B. Corridan & P. A. Morrissey Carotenoids and immune response in elderly people Bernice M. Corridan, Maurice P. O’Donohue & Patrick A. Morrissey Quercetin levels in plasma and resistance of plasma to oxidation after fried onion breakfast G. T. McAnilis, J. McEneny, J. Pearce& I. S§. Young Effects of cholesterol oxidation products on DNA content and membrane bound enzyme activities ir Chinese hamster ovary cells R. M. Sisk, A. M. Wilson & N. M. O’Brien Flavonoids: their protective role in cholestan-38-5a-6$-triol induced toxicity in vitro S. A. Aherne, A. M. Wilson & N. M. O'Brien Effects of caffeine on performance, metabolism and reaction times during endurance exercise in man. Johanna McLoughlin, Bernard. Donne & J. F. Andrews The effects of altered fat and carbohydrate availability on some peripheral indices of central fatigue during cycling exercise in trained humans. Y. P. Pitsiladis, 1.D avidson, I. Smith, A. Strachan & R. J. Maughan Diurnal and diet-induced changes in skeletal muscle function in normal subjects 4. Cunliffe. D. Goldhill, O. Obeid & J. Powell-Tuck The effect of prolonged exercise on protein metabolism in top triatheletes during carbohydrate ingestion Anton J. M. Wagenmakers, Daphne L. E. Pannemans, Asker E. Jeukendrup, Annemie P. Gijsen, Joan M. G. Senden, David Halliday & Wim H. M. Saris Muscle glycogen utilization during mild and severe exercise, hyperglycaemic with and without insulin H. Mohebbi, M. A. Keegan, I. T. Campbell, C. T. Best, D. A. Sperry, D. P. Maclaren & 4. McArdle Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from ingested drinks during prolonged exercise in a cold environment in man §. D. R. Galloway, S. A. Wootton, J. L. Murphy & R. J. Maughan Metabolic and performance-related responses during endurance exercise following high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals Helena A. Whitley, 8S. M. Humphreys, Il. T. Campbell, M. Keegan, 1 Jayanetti, D. Sperry, D. M. Maclaren, T. Reilly & K. N. Frayn Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage feedings during recovery, on subsequent utilisation during exercise: the use of naturally enriched ['~"C] glucose J. L. J. Bilson, J. L. Murphy, A. J. Allsopp, S. A. Wootton & C. Williams Perceived barriers to healthy eating among nationally-representative samples of European adults Mary Kearney, John M. Kearney & Michael J. Gibney Prevalence of undernutrition and weight loss changes during the course of hospitalization among patients admitted to two Dublin hospitals C. Corish, P. Flood, S. Mulligan & N. P. Kennedy Daily energy expenditure in free-living children: comparison of Caltrac motion sensors with the doubly-labelled water method L. C. Greene, M. B. E. Livingstone, A. F. McGloin, S. E. Webb, S. A. Jebb & A. M. Prentice Day-to-day and meal-to-meal variation in energy intake in children. Aileen F. McGloin, M. B. E. Livingstone, Lucy C. Greene, Sandra E. Webb, Susan A. Jebb & Andrew M. Prentice Changes in plasma lipid profiles in response to the fat content of an evening meal persist during the following day R. A. Henderson, G. E. Vist & R. D. E. Rumsey Baseline variability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) Cara A. Prior, Helen M. Roche & Michael J. Gibney rhe administration of a /,-adrenergic agonist decreases leptin expression in a diet-induced obesity model B. Berraondo, G. Friihbeck, A. Marti, M. P. Fernandez-Otero & J. A. Martinez Effects of glycated and non-glycated cholecystokinin-8 on appetite control in mice F. P. M. O'Harte, C. M. N. Kelly, M. Mooney & P. R. Flatt Effects of exercise training on total plasma cholesterol concentrations and rates of cholesterol synthesis M. L. Thomason, P. W. Watt, P. W. Patel & M. J. Rennie The decrease in postprandial lipaemia evident after a bout of exercise is independent of substrate utilization during the exercise. D. Malkova, R. J. Bowness, S. L. Herd & A. E. Hardman Effect of a pre-exercise bar rich in 6-glucan on gastrointestinal transit time and blood glucose. V. Ribordy, I. Meirim, C. Piguet-Welsch, A. Thelin-Doerner & J. Decombaz Iron status and habitual physical activity in UK adolescent girls. Ruth Ash & Michael Nelson Iron status in a group of sportsmen and women belonging to the National Institute of Physical Education (Spain). Anne M. Requejo, Rosa M. Ortega, Sonsoles Ysart Y. Alvarez de Toledo, Elena Quintas, Ana Maria Lépez-Sobaler, Pedro Andrés, Maria Jestis Gaspar & Guadalupe Garrido Lack of effect of long-term antioxidant supplementation on incidence of upper-respiratory-tract infections in athletes. Mikael Fogelholm, Tommi Vasankari, Patrik Borg, Riikka Katila & Timo Tuomi Nutrition, physical activity and immunocompetence in an aged Spanish group. P. Varela, P. Garcia-Garcia, R. M. Ortega, E. Quintas & A. M. Requejo The effect of acute dietary creatine supplementation upon indices of renal, hepatic and haematological function in human subjects. Dean A. Sewell, Tristan M. Robinson, Anna Casey & Paul L. Greenhaff Urinary caffeine concentration after coffee consumption and heat dehydration. A. Chambaz & J. Decombaz Changes in measures of fatigue in normal subjects following meals with a high protein or fat content. A. Cunliffe, I. Lamplough, R. Obra, O. Obeid & J. Powell-Tuck The response of energy intake and macronutrient balance to manipulation of physical activity levels in lean men. M. B. Gilsenan, P. R. Murgatroyd, F. E. Leahy, G. R. Goldberg & A. M. Prentice The effect of exercise on subsequent feeding behaviour J. H. Lavin, N. W. Read, J. Nwajiaku, P. R. Stafford & S. J. French Comparison of the short-term effects of exercise on food hedonics and food consumption in dietary restrained and unrestrained females Anne Lluch, Neil A. King, Zara J. Lipsey & John E. Blundell Food choice at a buffet meal | h after physical exercise. J. Decombaz, C. Bovier & G. Reuteler The influence of place of residence on the intake of energy and nutrients in a group of Spanish soccer players of lower division teams. Rosa M. Ortega, Ana M. Requejo, Marcela Gonzdlez-Gross, Ana Maria Lépez-Sobaler, Elena Quintas, Pedro Andrés & Miguel Angel Herrador Diet and food intake of sled dogs during a multi-stage race. J. Decombaz, M. Jambon, R. Wright Champaine & O. Ballevre Determining consumers preferences using sensory evaluation. J. M. Murray, C. M. Delahunty, P. A. Morrissey, M. Henry & J. Bogue Comparative diet and lifestyle study between Irish and West Virginian women. G. Nolan, S. Friel & C. Kelleher Process evaluation of a health promotion educational resource material for children: Galway Health Project. M. O'Donnell, U. Fallon & C. Kelleher Diet diaries and difficulty with the “three R’s” in a 43-year-old British birth cohort. G. M. Price, A. A. Paul & M. E. J. Wadsworth Use of the Irish household budget survey for food availability estimation S. Friel, C. Kelleher & the DAFNE Il Group Gastrointestinal transit in rats adapted to a high-fat diet 4. Shafat & R. D. E. Rumsey Carotid atheromatous plaques, intimal-medical thicknesses and plasma homocysteine levels in asymptomatic post-menopausal women C. P. Jamieson, O. A. Obeid, E. R. E. Denton, E. P. Morris, J. Powell-Tuck & J. Rymer Plasma homocysteine shows no response to altered dietary methionine intake M. Ward, H. McNulty, B. O'Neill, J.M . McPartlin, J. J. Strain, D. Weir & J. M. Scott The thermolabile 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, mild hyperhomo- cysteinaemia and B-group vitamins J. V. Woodside, D. L.H armon, J. W. G. Yarnell, D. McMaster, 1. S. Young, E. E. McCrum, K. F Gey & A. E. Evans Differences between smokers and non-smokers in the intestinal absorption of carotenoids M. E. O'Neill & D. 1. Thurnham Effect of dietary fibres on vitamin A, vitamin E and folate status in rats J. Gibbs & P. J. A. Sheehy Effect of different dietary fat sources on immune function in healthy males and females P. M. Kirk, B. M. Hannigan, V. J. McKelvey-Martin & J. J. Strain Induction of alkali labile lesions by oxidised derivatives of cholesterol in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells as measured by the Comet assay J. A. Woods & N. M. O’Brien Randomised controiled trial of supplementation of Efacal v. calcium on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women E. Joan Bassey, Julie J. Littlewood & Brenda E. Reynolds he effect of dietary calcium intake on pyridinium crosslinks of collagen in the rat Annette Creedon, Albert Flynn & Kevin Cashman The combined effect of exercise and dietary modification on the fitness level and body composition of cardiac rehabilitation patients S. M. King, S. David, H. Newton, M. Maguire, F. Rafferty & J. H. Horgan Natural sporting ability, birth weight and predisposition to cardiovascular disorders: study of British former soldiers Thang S. Han & Michael E. J. Lean Weight-and-diet concerns in Finnish female and males athletes Mikael Fogelholm & Hannele Hiilloskorpi rhe effects of sodium ingestion on heat acclimation responses A. J. Allsopp, R. M. Sutherland & S. A. Wootton Net and unidirectional water fluxes from four oral rehydration solutions perfused into the intact human jejunum J. B. Leiper & R. J. Maughan he effect of drink composition on deuterium accumulation in men with spinal cord lesion D. Ball, 1. G.C ampbell, J. B. Leiper & R. J. Maughan A comparison of the daily water turnover rates in independent and dependent elderly J. Phillimore, J. Leiper, W. R. Primrose, C. S. Primrose & R. Maughan Differential effects of supplementation with vitamin E analogue on antioxidant enzyme expression in human skin fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet B Sandra A. Jones, Catherine I. A. Jack & Malcolm J. Jackson Increased cooking stability of all-trans-f-carotene in red palm oil using Murraya koenigii or Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves G. Lietz, C. J. K. Henry & A. M. Tomkins Plasma total homocysteine in 972 people aged 65 years and over, representative of Britain, in a National Diet and Nutrition Survey C. J. Bates, M. A. Mansoor, J. C. Van Der Pols, A. Prentice, T. J. Cole & S. Finch Folic acid status and uracil misincorporation in human DNA Susan J. Duthie & Paul McMillan