The Private Sector's Role in Poverty Reduction in Asia

331 Pages·2013·8.575 MB·English

by  Scott Hipsher (Auth.)

The Private Sector’s Role in Poverty Reduction
in Asia
CHANDOS
ASIAN STUDIES SERIES
CONTEMPORARY ISSUESANDTRENDS
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The Private Sector’s
Role in Poverty
Reduction in Asia
S A H
COTT . IPSHER
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Firstpublishedin2013
ISBN:978-0-85709-448-3(print)
ISBN:978-0-85709-449-0(online)
#S.Hipsher,2013
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ProjectmanagementbyNeilShuttlewoodAssociates,GtYarmouth,Norfolk,UK
PrintedintheUKandUSA
List of figures
1.1 Percentageof population livingon less than $1.25 a day
(latestyear reported) 14
1.2 A day atwork in Aranyaprathet, Thailand 19
2.1 Higher education ina refugee camp along theThai/
Burmese border 42
3.1 Family businessin Siem Reap, Cambodia 62
4.1 Transportation system, Aranyaprathet, Thailand 80
6.1 China’s GNI percapita (Atlas Method) 111
6.2 Xinzheng, Henan, China 114
7.1 Vietnam’s GNI per capita (Atlas Method) 131
7.2 Water distribution shop in Ho Chi Minh City 134
8.1 Thailand’s GNI percapita (Atlas Method) 149
8.2 Street restaurants, Bangkok 152
9.1 Real GDP per capita in Cambodia 165
9.2 Poipet, Cambodia 171
10.1 Real GDP per capita in Laos 184
10.2 Shop selling religious items inVientiane 188
12.1 India’s GNI per capita (Atlas Method) 218
12.2 Bangladesh’sGNI percapita (Atlas Method) 220
12.3 Real GDP per capita in Nepal 221
13.1 Real GDP per capita in Afghanistan 237
13.2 Mongolia’s GNI per capita (Atlas Method) 240
14.1 Real GDP per capita in Myanmar/Burma 255
14.2 Ethnicminority (Karen) refugees from Myanmar/Burma
livingin Thailand 258
15.1 Children beggingat the Thailand–Cambodiaborder
crossing 280
15.2 Womanfinding away to make alivingin Siem Reap,
Cambodia 281
xi
List of abbreviations
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
BOP Bottom Of the Pyramid
CP Charoen Pokphand
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FUNCINPEC Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Inde´pendant,
Neutre, Pacifique, Et Coope´ratif
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
HCMC Ho Chi Minh City
HR Human Resources
HRM Human Resource Management
HRP Human Rights Party
HUL Hindustan Unilever
IMF International Monetary Fund
KMT Kuomintang
LDCs Less and least Developed Countries
LTTE Tamil Tigers
MNC MultiNational Corporation
MOUs Memorandums Of Understanding
NIEs Newly Industrialized Countries
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
PAD People’s Alliance for Democracy
PPP People’s Power Party
PRC People’s Republic of China
RD Research and Development
RLG Royal Lao Government
SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council
SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
SPDC State Peace and Development Council
SRP Sam Rainsy Party
UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
USAID United States Agency for International Development
xiii
The Private Sector’s Role inPoverty Reductionin Asia
USULS US University Language School
VNQDD Vieˆt Nam Quoˆ´c Daˆn –Da’ng (Vietnamese Nationalist
_
Party)
VOC Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische
Compagnie)
WTO World Trade Organization
xiv
Acknowledgements
Abookprojectisamajorundertakingandrequiresconsiderableassistance
to complete. Due to limited linguistic skills and limited travel funds,
assistance was required in gathering much of the data for the project.
It is impossible to acknowledge everyone who has assisted in this
project, and also some individuals interviewed have preferred to remain
anonymous.
However, I would like to give special acknowledgements to the
following individuals for providing information and assistance in
completing this work: Ms. Achhara Som, Prof. Ana Liza Ragos, Ms.
Amy Hipsher, Mr. Bounleung Veunvilaong, Dr. Candace Mehaffey-
Kultgen, Ms. Dang Thai Phuoc, Ms. Huynh Thi Thu Phuong, Mr.
Jeffery Hipsher, Mr. Lu Yitian, Ms. Meena Nuega, Mr. Orgil
Balgansuren, Ms. Quynh Huong, Ms. Rosemarie Quilacio, Mr. Scott
Johnson, Ms. Souvita Phaseut, Ms. Tran Nhi, Ms. Wilawan
Chanajaranwit, Ms. Zheng Luand Ms Zhu Haibo.
Withouttheassistanceoftheindividualslistedabove,andmanyothers,
the completion of this work would not have been possible. For the help
given, Iheartilygive mymost sincereappreciation and thanks.
xv
Notes
Thereareavarietyoftechniquestocompilestatisticsoneconomicgrowth
and levels of poverty in less and least developed countries. The difficulty
in compiling these statistics is compounded by the large number of
individuals in these countries engaging in the informal economy and/or
subsistence agriculture. Furthermore, much of the data used to compile
thesestatisticsoftencomefromgovernmentswhichmayormaynothave
motivationstoreportaccurately.Therefore,differentagenciesoftenreport
slightlydifferentnumbersandasaconsequenceonewillencountersome
inconsistenciesinthestatisticsreportedinthisbook.Oneshouldconsider
numbers and statistics reported on poverty reduction and economic
growth to beonlyapproximates.
While having lived in Asia for nearly 20 years and having working
knowledge of a few Asian languages, the author is not a linguist and
madethedecisiontorelyonlyonEnglishlanguagesourcesasreferences.
Spellingsusedfornamesandplacesaregenerallythespellingsusedbythe
authorsoftheoriginalsources,withafewchangesforconsistency’ssake.
In cases of individual names the English spellings have usually been
supplied by the individuals who were interviewed and only in a few rare
cases hastheauthorused his own translation of an individual’s name.
xvii