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The Printing Ink Manual PDF

888 Pages·1988·28.323 MB·English
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The Printing Ink Manual The Printing Ink Manual FOURTH EDITION Edited by Dr R. H. Leach, Dr C. Armstrong, J. F. Brown, M. J. Mackenzie, 1. Randall and Dr H. G. Smith BLUEPRINT in association with An Imprint of Chapman & Hall Published by Blueprint, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt BHN. Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., 115 5th Avenue, New York NY10003, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakawacho Nemoto Building, 7F, 1-7-11 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First edition 1961 Reprinted 1963 (with revisions) Second edition 1969 Third edition 1979 Reprinted 1984 Fourth edition 1988 Reprinted 1988, 1989, 1991 © 1961,1969,1979,1988 - Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers Ltd Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 Typeset in Meridien by Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6908-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6906-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6906-6 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that maybe made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Contents Preface xi The Editors and Authors XIII I The Nature of Printing Inks c. Armstrong, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 1.1 Visual characteristics of inks 1.2 The nat ure of printing inks as determined by the printing process 3 1.3 The drying characteristic<; 5 1.4 The adhesive nature of printing inks 6 1.5 The resistance properties of printing inks 7 2 The Printing Processes 10 B. Blunden and J. Birkenshaw, PIRA 2.1 The letterpress process II 2.2 The offset lithographic process 20 2.3 The gravure process 35 2.4 The f1exographic process 44 2.5 The screen printing proce.ss 50 2.6 Non-impact printing processes 54 2.7 Other printing processes 59 2.8 Print recognition 60 2.9 Substrate selection 65 2.10 The need for communication 67 3 Colour and Colour Matching 69 J. Brown, Mander-Kidd (UK) Ltd 3.1 The physical nature of colour 69 3.2 The perception of colour 72 3.3 Additive and subtractive colour mixing 78 3.4 Origins of colour in printed material 84 3.5 Graphic reproduction 86 3.6 The measurement of colour 88 3.7 The recording of colour data and the specification of colour 94 vi CONTENTS 3.8 Colour matching 98 3.9 Instrumental colour match prediction 102 References 107 4 Raw Materials 109 M. Clayton, Ault & Wiborg General Printing Inks Section I Pigments 110 4.1 Yellow pigments III 4.2 Orange pigments 117 4.3 Red pigments 120 4.4 Green pigments 139 4.5 Blue pigments 142 4.6 Violet pigments 149 4.7 Brown pigments 152 4.8 Black pigments 154 4.9 White pigments and extenders 156 4.10 Pearle scent materials 161 4.11 Metallic pigments 161 4.12 Fluorescent pigments 162 4.13 General properties of pigments 163 Section II Dyestuffs 172 4.14 Acid dyes 172 4.15 Basic dyes 174 4.16 Solvent dyes 178 4.17 Disperse dyes 180 Section III Oils 183 4.18 Drying vegetable oils 183 4.19 Other oils 188 Section IV Resins 192 4.20 Natural resins 193 4.21 Synthetic resins 199 Section V Solvents 225 4.22 Hydrocarbon solvents 228 4.23 Alcohols 231 4.24 Glycols 232 4.25 Ketones 234 4.26 Esters 235 Section VI Plasticisers 244 Section VII Waxes 249 4.27 Synthetic waxes 250 4.28 Petroleum waxes 253 4.29 Natural waxes 255 Section VIII Driers 258 4.30 Liquid driers 258 4.31 Paste driers 260 CONTENTS vii Section IX Miscellaneous additives 260 4.32 Chelating agents 260 4.33 Antioxidants 261 4.34 Surfactants 262 4.35 Deodorants and reodorants 264 4.36 Pure chemicals 265 4.37 Defoaming agents 269 4.38 Laking agents 270 Section X Raw materials for radiation curing systems 27 J 4.39 Pigment selection 271 4.40 Prepolymers 272 4.41 Reactive dil L1ents 27 4 4.42 Photoinitiators 274 4.43 Additives and inhibitors 275 Section XI Health and safety at work 280 References 28J 5 Letterpress Inks 282 c. B. Burdall, Usher-Walker pic 5.1 Nature of the process 282 5.2 General characteristics of letterpress inks 284 5.3 Physical properties 286 5.4 Raw materials 289 5.5 Letterpress ink formulation 294 5.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions 302 5.7 New developments304 6 Lithographic Inks 308 P. Ford and R. .J. Tuft, Coates Brothers Inks Ud 6.1 General characteristics of litho inks 312 6.2 Drying mechanisms) I') 6.3 Physical properties 321 6.4 Formulating principles 328 6.5 Typical inks and varnishes 343 6.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions 352 6.7 Recent and fu ture trends 361 7 Gravure Inks 368 E. Cawkill and B. Ellison, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd 7.1 General characteristics 36<) 7.2 Physical properties of inks and their measurement 376 7.3 Form ulating principles 382 7.4 Inks and varnishes for specific end-L1sc applications 393 7.5 Printing ink faults 426 7.6 Future developments 429 viii CONTENTS 8 Flexographic Inks 435 F. C. Wyatt, Lorilleux & Bolton Ltd 8.1 General characteristics of the inks 437 8.2 Physical properties of flexographic inks and their measurement 442 8.3 Formulating principles 447 8.4 Inks and varnishes for special purposes 456 8.5 Ink-related printing problems and possible solutions 476 8.6 Recent and future trends 478 9 Screen Inks 481 J. Joannou, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 9.1 Important characteristics of screen inks 481 9.2 Requirements of raw materials 487 9.3 Inks for paper and board 490 9.4 Inks for impervious surfaces 493 9.5 Inks for plastic containers 499 9.6 Textile inks 502 9.7 Transfer inks 504 9.8 Overprint varnishes 505 9.9 Daylight fluorescent inks 506 9.10 Process inks 507 9.11 Metallics 509 9.12 Ink-related printing problems 510 9.13 Recent and future trends 513 10 Radiation Curable Systems 51 s, R. Holman, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd 10.1 Electromagnetic radiation and electron beams 517 10.2 Microwave and radio frequency drying 521 10.3 Infra-red curing systems 522 10.4 Ultraviolet and electron beam curable inks and varnishes 525 10.5 Radiation curing equipment 552 10.6 State of the art and future trends 560 Further reading 561 11 Inks for Special Purposes 562 R. Marsh, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd ILl Non-impact printing 562 11.2 Speciality screen inks 571 11.3 Inks for the electronics industry 573 11.4 Inks for laminated plastics 578 11.5 Inks for wallcoverings 578 11.6 Textile transfer inks 580 11.7 Sterilisation inks 582 ix CONTENTS 11.8 Metal decorating 585 II. 9 Letterset printing 588 12 Manufacture of Inks and Varnishes 592 M. 1. Heath, Lorilleux & Bolton Ltd, and A. J. Wild. Usher-Walker pIc 12.1 General requirements 592 12.2 The manufacturing processes '>93 12.3 Mixing equipment 616 12.4 Milling equipment 624 12.5 Handling, storage and manufacture of UV inks 644 12.6 Manufacture of newspaper inks 645 12.7 Handling and storage of inks 648 12.8 Modern production trends 655 12.9 The future 660 13 Rheology of Printing Inks 666 A. Tabbernor, Mander-Kidd (UK) Ltd 13. I Flow in ideal systems 667 13.2 Deviations from Newtonian behaviour 668 13.3 Apparatus for the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian liquids 675 13.4 Practical measurements for non-Newtonian systems 678 13.5 Tack 685 13.6 Tack measurement 686 13.7 Ink distribution and related matters 689 13.8 Rheological measurements and machine design 694 References 696 14 Testing, Control and Analysis 699 E. Cawkill, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd and D. Easterly, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 14.1 Standard tests 700 14.2 Sampling technique 700 14.3 Pigment testing 701 14.4 Chips and pre-dispersions 710 14.5 Dye testing 710 14.6 Resins 711 14.7 Varnishes and oils 714 14.8 Solvents 720 14.9 Radiation curing products 724 14.10 Miscellaneous materials 726 14.11 Ink quality control 726 14.12 Short-term ink testing 727 14.13 Long-term ink testing 731 14.14 Press performance tests 735 x CONTENTS 14.15 Dry print performance tests 740 14.16 Analysis of printing inks 751 References 779 Further reading 779 15 Health, Safety and the Environment 780 G. 1. May and 1. Orpwood, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 15.1 Handling of dangerous substances in the manufacture of printing inks 785 15.2 Mechanical and operational aspects 809 15.3 Specific printing ink applications 820 15.4 Some international constraints 826 Glossary of abbreviations 831 References 832 Index 839 Preface The Printing Ink Manual was first published in 1961 under the auspices of the Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers with the object of providing an authoritative work on printing ink technology. This, the fourth edition, continues that purpose and presents a comprehensive study of the current 'state of the art' in the ink industry. For those starting in the printing ink industry it is a textbook dealing with all aspects of the formulation and manufacture of printing ink. For the ink technician it is a practical manual and useful source of reference. For printers and users of printed material the manual supplies helpful information on the nature and behaviour of ink both on the printing press and as the finished print. Readers with a little scientific knowledge will have no difficulty in using the manual, but as in previous editions, sufficient chemistry and physics have been introduced to assist the advanced technician and research scientist. In the eight years since the last edition very substantial changes have taken place in ink technology, and accordingly the book has been entirely rewritten by a new panel of authors all of whom arc currently engaged in the printing ink or associated industries. While retaining the general structure of previous editions, the chapters have been arranged in a more logical order. Those dealing with ink formulation reflect the considerable changes that have taken place in the printing industry; letterpress inb have largely been superseded by lithographic inks for both packaging printing and newspaper production, and gravure and ilexographic inks are now applied to a much greater variety of substrates for packaging. Developments in manufacturing methods have also been substantial. Both milling and mixing techniques have benefited by new designs in machinery and the introduction of electronic and computerised controls. Two important chapters have been added to this edition of the manual, one dealing with Radiation Curable Systems, the other with Health, Safety and Environment. Radiation curable systems have now become widely used for drying printing inks and are based on quite different ink technology. This technology is explained in depth together with details ot the special raw materials required. Matters of health and safety at work and environmental pollution have assumed great importance since the last edition of the manual. Therefore a chapter has been included which

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