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The Printing Ink Manual PDF

889 Pages·1988·27.67 MB·English
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The Printing Ink Manual The Printing Ink Manual FOURTH EDITION Edited by Dr R. H. Leach, Dr C. Armstrong, J. F. Brown, M. J. Mackenzie, L. Randall and Dr H. G. Smith International in association with © 1961, 1969, 1979, 1988 Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers Ltd. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage or retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publishers. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Co. Ltd. Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham, Berkshire, England First published 1961 Revised impression 1963 Second edition 1969 Third edition 1979 Reprinted 1984 Fourth edition 1988 Typeset in Meridien by Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong. Padstow, Cornwall. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Printing ink manual. - 4th ed. 1. Printing-ink I. Leach, R. H. 667'.5 Z247 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7099-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7097-0 DOl: 1O .l 007/978-94-011-7097-0 Contents Preface xi The Editors and Authors xiii I The Nature of Printing Inks c. Armstrong, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 1.1 Visual characteristics of inks 1.2 The nature of printing inks as determined by the printing process 3 1.3 The drying characteristics 5 1.4 The adhesive nature of printing inks 6 1.5 The resistance properties of printing inks 7 2 The Printing Processes 10 B. Blunden and J. Birkenshaw, PIRA 2.1 The letterpress process 11 2.2 The offset lithographic process 20 2.3 The gravure process 35 2.4 The flexographic process 44 2.5 The screen printing proce.ss 50 2.6 Non-impact printing processes 54 2.7 Other printing processes 59 2.8 Print recognition 60 2.9 Substrate selection 65 2.10 The need for communication 67 3 Colour and Colour Matching 69 J. Brown, Mander-Kidd (UK) Ltd 3.1 The physical nature of colour 69 3.2 The perception of colour 72 3.3 Additive and subtractive colour mixing 78 3.4 Origins of colour in printed material 84 3.5 Graphic reproduction 86 3.6 The measurement of colour 88 3.7 The recording of colour data and the specification of colour 94 vi CONTENTS 3.8 Colour matching 98 3.9 Instrumental colour match prediction 102 References 107 4 Raw Materials 109 M. Clayton, Au/t & Wiborg General Printing Inks Section I Pigments 110 4.1 Yellow pigments 111 4.2 Orange pigments 117 4.3 Red pigments 120 4.4 Green pigments 139 4.5 Blue pigments 142 4.6 Violet pigments 149 4.7 Brown pigments 152 4.8 Black pigments 154 4.9 White pigments and extenders 156 4.10 Pearlescent materials 161 4.11 Metallic pigments 161 4.12 Fluorescent pigments 162 4.13 General properties of pigments 163 Section II Dyestuffs 172 4.14 Acid dyes 172 4.15 Basic dyes 174 4.16 Solvent dyes 178 4.17 Disperse dyes 180 Section III Oils 183 4.18 Drying vegetable oils 183 4.19 Other oils 188 Section W Resins 192 4.20 Natural resins 193 4.21 Synthetic resins 199 Section V Solvents 225 4.22 Hydrocarbon solvents 228 4.23 Alcohols 231 4.24 Glycols 232 4.25 Ketones 234 4.26 Esters 235 Section VI Plasticisers 244 Section VII Waxes 249 4.27 Synthetic waxes 250 4.28 Petroleum waxes 253 4.29 Natural waxes 255 Section VIII Driers 258 4.30 Liquid driers 258 4.31 Paste driers 260 vii CONTENTS Section IX Miscellaneous additives 260 4.32 Chelating agents 260 4.33 Antioxidants 261 4.34 Surfactants 262 4.35 Deodorants and reodorants 264 4.36 Pure chemicals 265 4.37 Defoaming agents 269 4.38 Laking agents 270 Section X Raw materials for radiation curing systems 271 4.39 Pigment selection 271 4.40 Prepolymers 272 4.41 Reactive diluents 274 4.42 Photoinitiators 274 4.43 Additives and inhibitors 275 Section XI Health and safety at work 280 References 281 5 Letterpress Inks 282 G. B. Burdall, Usher-Walker pic 5.1 Nature of the process 282 5.2 General characteristics of letterpress inks 284 5.3 Physical properties 286 5.4 Raw materials 289 5.5 Letterpress ink formulation 294 5.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions 302 5.7 New developments 304 6 Lithographic Inks 308 P. Ford and R. J. TUft, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 6.1 General characteristics of litho inks 312 6.2 Drying mechanisms 315 6.3 Physical properties 321 6.4 Formulating principles 328 6.5 Typical inks and varnishes 343 6.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions 352 6.7 Recent and future trends 361 7 Gravure Inks 368 E. Cawkill and B. Ellison, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd 7.1 General characteristics 369 7.2 Physical properties of inks and their measurement 376 7.3 Formulating principles 382 7.4 Inks and varnishes for specific end-use applications 393 7.5 Printing ink faults 426 7.6 Future developments 429 viii CONTENTS 8 Flexographic Inks 435 F. C. Wyatt, Lorilleux & Bolton Ltd 8.1 General characteristics of the inks 437 8.2 Physical properties of flexographic inks and their measurement 442 8.3 Formulating principles 447 8.4 Inks and varnishes for special purposes 456 8.5 Ink-related printing problems and possible solutions 476 8.6 Recent and future trends 478 9 Screen Inks 481 J. Joannou, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 9.1 Important characteristics of screen inks 481 9.2 Requirements of raw materials 487 9.3 Inks for paper and board 490 9.4 Inks for impervious surfaces 493 9.5 Inks for plastic containers 499 9.6 Textile inks 502 9.7 Transfer inks 504 9.8 Overprint varnishes 505 9.9 Daylight fluorescent inks 506 9.10 Process inks 507 9.11 Metallics 509 9.12 Ink-related printing problems 510 9.l3 Recent and future trends 513 10 Radiation Curable Systems 515, R. Holman, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd 10.1 Electromagnetic radiation and electron beams 517 10.2 Microwave and radio frequency drying 521 10.3 Infra -red curing systems 522 10.4 Ultraviolet and electron beam curable inks and varnishes 525 10.5 Radiation curing equipment 552 10.6 State of the art and future trends 560 Further reading 561 11 Inks for Special Purposes 562 R. Marsh, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 11.1 Non-impact printing 562 11.2 Speciality screen inks 571 1l.3 Inks for the electronics industry 573 1l.4 'Inks for laminated plastics 578 1l.5 Inks for wallcoverings 578 11.6 Textile transfer inks 580 11.7 Sterilisation inks 582 CONTENTS ix 11.8 Metal decorating 585 11.9 Letterset printing 588 12 Manufacture of Inks and Varnishes 592 M. 1. Heath, Lorilleux & Bolton Ltd, and A. J. Wild, Usher-Walker pIc 12.1 General requirements 592 12.2 The manufacturing processes 593 12.3 Mixing equipment 616 12.4 Milling equipment 624 12.5 Handling, storage and manufacture of UV inks 644 12.6 Manufacture of newspaper inks 645 12.7 Handling and storage of inks 648 12.8 Modern production trends 655 12.9 The future 660 13 Rheology of Printing Inks 666 A. Tabbernor, Mander-Kidd (UK) Ltd 13.1 Flow in ideal systems 667 13.2 Deviations from Newtonian behaviour 668 13.3 Apparatus for the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian liquids 675 13.4 Practical measurements for non-Newtonian systems 678 13.5 Tack 685 13.6 Tack measurement 686 13.7 Ink distribution and related matters 689 13.8 Rheological measurements and machine design 694 References 696 14 Testing, Control and Analysis 699 E. Cawkill, BASF Coatings + Inks Ltd and D. Easterly, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 14.1 Standard tests 700 14.2 Sampling technique 700 14.3 Pigment testing 701 14.4 Chips and pre-dispersions 710 14.5 Dye testing 710 14.6 Resins 711 14.7 Varnishes and oils 714 14.8 Solvents 720 14.9 Radiation curing products 724 14.10 Miscellaneous materials 726 14.11 Ink quality control 726 14.12 Short-term ink testing 727 14.13 Long-term ink testing 731 14.14 Press performance tests 735 x CONTENTS 14.15 Dry print performance tests 740 14.16 Analysis of printing inks 751 References 779 Further reading 779 15 Health, Safety and the Environment 780 G. J. May and J. Orpwood, Coates Brothers Inks Ltd 15.1 Handling of dangerous substances in the manufacture of printing inks 785 15.2 Mechanical and operational aspects 809 15.3 Specific printing ink applications 820 15.4 Some international constraints 826 Glossary of abbreviations 831 References 832 Index 839

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The Printing Ink Manual was first published in 1961 under the auspices of the Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers with the object of providing an authoritative work on printing ink technology. This, the fourth edition, continues that purpose and presents a comprehensive study of the curren
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