The primate roots of human nature

516 Pages·2015·25.134 MB·English

by  Perry van Duijnhoven, Carel van Schaik

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THE PRIMATE ORIGINS
OF HUMAN NATURE
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Foundations of Human Biology
SeriesEditors
MattCartmill
KayeBrown
DepartmentofBiologicalAnthropology,BostonUniversity,Boston,Massachusetts
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Titles in this Series
TheGrowthofHumanitybyBarryBogin
FundamentalsofForensicAnthropologybyLindaKlepinger
TheHumanLineagebyMattCartmillandFredSmith
HumanPopulationGeneticsbyJohnRelethford
ThePrimateOriginsofHumanNaturebyCarelP.vanSchaik
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THE PRIMATE ORIGINS
OF HUMAN NATURE
CARELP.VANSCHAIK
UniversityofZurich,Switzerland
IllustrationsbyPerryvanDuijnhoven
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Schaik,Carelvan,author.
Theprimateoriginsofhumannature/CarelP.vanSchaik,illustrationsbyPerryvanDuijnhoven.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-14763-4(cloth)
1. Humanevolution.2. Evolutionarypsychology.3. Humanbehavior.4. Primates–Behavior.5. Physicalanthropology.
I.Duijnhoven,Perryvan,illustrator.II.Title.
GN281.S2732015
599.93′8–dc23
2015026527
ISBN:9780470147634(Hardback)
Coverimage:KayeBrownandMattCartmill
oBookISBN:9781119118206
ePDFISBN:9781119118190
ePubISBN:9781119118183
Setin9/11pt,TimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India.
10987654321
1 2016
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
SERIESEDITORS’PREFACE xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
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SECTIONI EVOLUTION,BEHAVIORANDCULTURE 1
1 ElementsofEvolutionaryBiology 3
1.1 Darwin’sArgument, 3
1.2 NaturalSelectionandFitness, 4
1.3 Adaptation, 5
1.4 Evolution, 10
1.5 PhylogenyandCharacterReconstruction, 13
1.6 EvolutionasaHistoricalScience, 18
1.7 Conclusions, 19
2 BasicsofBehavioralBiology 21
2.1 Introduction, 21
2.2 ProximateandUltimateAspectsofBehavior, 21
2.3 ProximateControlofBehavior, 22
2.4 DevelopmentofBehavior, 24
2.5 AdaptiveFunction:OptimalityorEvolutionaryStability?, 32
2.6 LevelsofSelection, 34
2.7 BehavioralPhylogeny, 39
2.8 Conclusions, 39
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vi CONTENTS
3 SocialLearningandCulture 41
3.1 Introduction, 41
3.2 SocialLearning, 42
3.3 CulturesamongAnimals, 48
3.4 HumanCultureandCulturalEvolution, 51
3.5 ATheoryofCulturalEvolution, 55
3.6 Conclusions, 56
4 EvolutionandHumanBehavior 59
4.1 Introduction, 59
4.2 IntegratingCompetingApproachestoHumanBehavior, 59
4.3 TestingAdaptationinHumans, 63
4.4 HowtoDealwithUniqueness?, 67
4.5 ReconstructingourOrigins, 68
4.6 ConclusionsandOutlook, 70
SECTIONII THEHISTORYOFHUMANS 71
5 Ancestors:HumansfromaComparativePerspective 73
5.1 Introduction, 73
5.2 OurDeepHistoryuptotheConcestor, 75
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5.3 The(Near-)Endpoint:Foragers, 78
5.4 Conclusion:TheGap, 81
6 HumanEvolution:ABriefOverview 83
6.1 Introduction, 83
6.2 TheFirstHominins:TheOriginsofBipedalism, 84
6.3 TheAustralopithecinesandEarlyHomo, 85
6.4 Homoerectus, 86
6.5 MiddlePleistoceneHominins, 89
6.6 ModernHumans:Homosapiens, 90
6.7 GeneralTrends, 95
6.8 Conclusions, 96
SECTIONIII SUBSISTENCEANDTECHNOLOGY 99
7 PrimateEcology 101
7.1 Introduction, 101
7.2 Diet, 101
7.3 Seasonality, 104
7.4 ExtractiveForagingandHuntingbyPrimates, 106
7.5 RangeUse, 111
7.6 Conclusions, 115
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CONTENTS vii
8 ForagerEcologyandSubsistence 117
8.1 Introduction, 117
8.2 Diet, 117
8.3 ObtainingFood:GatheringandHunting, 119
8.4 FluctuationsinEnergyIntake, 122
8.5 TheSexualDivisionofLabor, 123
8.6 CentralPlaceProvisioning, 126
8.7 Paleodiet,Exercise,andDiseasesofCivilization, 128
8.8 Conclusions, 129
9 TheEvolutionofTechnology 131
9.1 Introduction, 131
9.2 ToolUseandTechnology, 131
9.3 TheEvolutionofPrimateToolUse, 135
9.4 NonhumanPrimatesandHomininsCompared, 138
9.5 Conclusions, 140
SECTIONIV SEXANDSEXUALSELECTION 141
10 Sex,SexualSelectionandSexDifferences 143
10.1 Introduction, 143
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10.2 SexualReproduction, 143
10.3 SexualSelection, 144
10.4 IntrasexualSelection, 148
10.5 MateChoice, 152
10.6 SexRoleEqualityandReversal:WhoCompetes,WhoChooses?, 156
10.7 SexualConflict, 157
10.8 SexDifferencesBeyondWeaponsandOrnaments, 161
10.9 Conclusions, 162
11 MatingSystemsandSexualityinPrimates 163
11.1 Introduction, 163
11.2 SexualSelectioninPrimates, 163
11.3 SexinMammals:TheMatingProblem, 166
11.4 FeaturesofPrimateSexuality, 168
11.5 ExplainingtheVariationinPrimateSexuality, 170
11.6 Conclusions, 174
12 HumanMatingSystemsandSexuality 175
12.1 Introduction, 175
12.2 TheHumanMatingSystem:MorphologicalandPhysiologicalSignals, 175
12.3 TheHumanMatingSystem:EthnographyandBehavior, 183
12.4 MateChoice, 186
12.5 MatingConflictinHumans, 193
12.6 GenderDifferences, 198
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viii CONTENTS
12.7 NotableSexualBehavior, 199
12.8 Conclusions, 202
13 AestheticAppreciationandExpression 203
13.1 Introduction, 203
13.2 PhysicalBeauty, 206
13.3 TheArts, 208
13.4 Conclusions, 212
SECTIONV LIFE’SCHANGES 213
14 LifeHistory 215
14.1 Introduction, 215
14.2 GeneralPatternsinMammalianLifeHistory, 216
14.3 TheEvolutionofLifeHistory, 217
14.4 LifeHistoryandBehavior, 220
14.5 HumanLifeHistory, 223
14.6 Conclusions, 231
15 ParentingandReproductiveInvestment 233
15.1 Introduction, 233
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15.2 ParentalCare, 233
15.3 BiparentalCare, 234
15.4 CommunalBreedingamongPrimates, 235
15.5 CooperativeBreedingamongPrimates, 235
15.6 PrimateInvestmentPatterns:SeasonalityandLifeHistory, 240
15.7 PregnancyandBirth, 242
15.8 AllocationDecisions, 243
15.9 ConflictsaroundReproduction, 248
15.10 Conclusions, 250
16 GrowthandDevelopment 251
16.1 DevelopmentalStages, 251
16.2 SomaticGrowthandDevelopment, 253
16.3 BehavioralAspects:Bonds,Play,SkillAcquisition, 254
16.4 HumanDevelopment, 260
16.5 PlasticityinDevelopment, 261
16.6 Conclusions, 262
SECTIONVI SOCIALLIFE 263
17 SocialLifeinNonhumanPrimates 265
17.1 Introduction, 265
17.2 CompetitionandConflict, 266
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CONTENTS ix
17.3 GroupLivingandItsFunction, 271
17.4 HowtoLiveinaGroup?, 276
17.5 Conclusions, 280
18 PrimateSocioeclogy 281
18.1 Socioecology, 281
18.2 TheSocioecologicalParadigm, 281
18.3 FemaleSociality, 284
18.4 MalesandFemales, 287
18.5 MaleSociality, 289
18.6 SocialEvolutioninPrimates, 296
18.7 Conclusions, 298
19 SocialEvolutioninHominins 299
19.1 Introduction, 299
19.2 TheSocialOrganizationofForagers, 299
19.3 TheKeyFeaturesofHumanSocialOrganization, 301
19.4 TheEvolutionofHumanPairBonds, 302
19.5 TheEvolutionofHumanSocialOrganization, 304
19.6 HumanSocialEvolutionsincetheNeolithicPeriod, 308
19.7 ChangesinHistoricalTime, 311
19.8 HumanSocialLife:Politics, 311
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SECTIONVII COOPERATION 315
20 CooperationinNature 317
20.1 TheChallengeofCooperation, 317
20.2 TheEvolutionofCooperationinNonhumanPrimates, 319
20.3 TheProximateRegulationofPrimateCooperation, 325
20.4 HumanCooperationinSmall-scaleSocieties, 328
20.5 HumanCooperationinLarge-scaleSocieties, 333
20.6 Conclusions, 335
21 Warfare 337
21.1 Introduction, 337
21.2 ThePhylogenyofWar:Between-groupContestsamongAnimals, 337
21.3 HumanWarfareandItsCulturalEvolution, 341
21.4 WarasanAdaptation, 345
21.5 TheProximateControlofWarfare, 347
21.6 Conclusions, 350
22 Morality 351
22.1 Introduction, 351
22.2 BiologyandMorality, 352
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22.3 TheBiologicalBasisofHumanMorality, 353
22.4 CulturalInfluencesonHumanMorality, 357
22.5 PhylogenyandMorality, 359
22.6 PhilosophicalImplications, 360
22.7 Conclusions, 361
23 Religion 363
23.1 Introduction, 363
23.2 TheHistoryofReligion, 364
23.3 ProximateProcesses, 365
23.4 TheChangingFunction(s)ofReligion, 369
23.5 ReligionandScience, 371
23.6 CreationismandIntelligentDesign, 372
23.7 Conclusions, 372
SECTIONVIII THECOGNITIVEANIMAL 375
24 TheEvolutionofBrainSize 377
24.1 BrainsandEnergyConstraints, 377
24.2 TheExpensiveBrain:Life-historyCostsofBrainSizeIncrease, 382
24.3 ExplainingVariationin(Relative)BrainSize:Life-historyFilters, 385
(cid:2) 24.4 ExplainingtheIncreaseinHomininBrainSize, 387 (cid:2)
24.5 Conclusions, 388
25 TheEvolutionofPrimateCognition 389
25.1 Introduction, 389
25.2 TheCognitiveSkillsofPrimates, 391
25.3 GradeShifts:Monkeys,Apes,andHumans, 396
25.4 CognitiveDevelopment, 400
25.5 TheStructureofPrimateCognition, 401
25.6 TheEvolutionofPrimateandHumanCognition, 405
25.7 Conclusions, 411
26 HumanLanguage 413
26.1 Introduction, 413
26.2 AnimalCommunication, 414
26.3 HumanLanguage, 419
26.4 TheFunctionalUsesofLanguage, 422
26.5 TheEvolutionaryHistoryofLanguage, 424
26.6 LanguageDevelopment, 425
26.7 LanguageandCulturalEvolution, 426
26.8 LanguageandCognition, 427
26.9 Conclusions, 428
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