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The Prehistory of Denmark PDF

350 Pages·1983·5.857 MB·English
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The Prehistory of Denmark JØRGEN JENSEN The Prehistory of Denmark LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1982 by Methuen & Co. Ltd Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1982 Jørgen Jensen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Jensen, Jørgen The prehistory of Denmark. 1. Denmark—History—to 1241 I. Title 936.3 DL161 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jensen, Jørgen, 1936 July 30– The prehistory of Denmark. Translation of: Dansk socialhistorie. v.1. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Man, Prehistoric—Denmark. 2. Denmark—Antiquities. I. Title. GN826.J4613 1982 948.9’01 82–24885 ISBN 0-203-43067-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73891-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-11957-X (Print Edition) To my wife Barbara Contents List of figures xi Preface xvii Introduction Archaeology in Denmark 1 Denmark, the bridge to the north 5 PART I THE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS 11,000–4200 BC 9 1 A changing environment 11 After the last Ice Age 11 The first continuous forest 15 A new forest scene: the hazel-pine forest 16 The stable primeval forest 17 Man and the ecosystem 22 2 The hunting population 24 Fertility and mortality 24 How many were there? 29 3 Subsistence and settlement 33 Mobility and territory 33 Reindeer hunters 35 Hunters and gatherers of the Boreal period 38 Hunters and gatherers of the Atlantic period 42 A population crisis at the end of the fifth millennium BC? 50 Economy of the hunters and gatherers 52 4 Social structure of the hunters and gatherers 54 5 Finds and interpretations 59 vii viii The Prehistory of Denmark PART II THE FIRST FARMERS c. 4200–2800 BC 67 6 The introduction of farming in Denmark 69 Introduction 69 The moving frontier 71 The farming communities and their environment 73 The evidence of pollen analysis 75 7 Population growth and food production 78 The growth potential of the agrarian society 78 A theory of agricultural development under population pressure 79 Fertility and mortality in the early agrarian society 81 8 Subsistence and settlement 84 Introduction 84 Land use of the early farming communities 85 Settlement 90 Subsistence patterns 98 The circulation of goods 103 Economy of the farming communities 107 9 Social patterns in the early farming communities 109 10 Finds and interpretations 117 PART III TOWARDS A NEW ERA 2800–500 BC 129 11 A changing environment 131 Farming communities in transition 131 The changing land 132 The changing climate 134 12 Subsistence and settlement 138 Towards a new settlement pattern 138 Villages and farmsteads 146 Towards more productive agricultural forms 151 The exchange of goods and raw materials 155 Concepts of exchange 157 The case of amber 161 External and internal exchange up to 500 BC 163 13 Social patterns from 2800 to 500 BC 168 14 Finds and interpretations 179 PART IV THE CHIEFDOMS OF THE IRON AGE 500 BC–800 AD 191 15 Environmental changes 193 The development of the open, man-made landscape 193 The development of the climate during the Iron Age 196 Contents ix 16 Subsistence and settlement 198 Expansion of the farming communities 198 Villages and farmsteads around the birth of Christ 204 Farming communities in transition 214 Subsistence patterns during the Iron Age 222 Iron 228 17 The development of economic institutions 232 Exchange systems 232 Exchange until 800 AD 235 18 Political and social development 255 Economy and social development 255 Political and economic power concentrations 257 Processes towards the early Danish state 267 19 Finds and interpretations 275 Bibliography 287 Index 322

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