The Practice of Social Research

593 Pages·2014·12.018 MB·English

by  Earl Babbie

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Earl BaBBiE
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The Practice
of Social Research
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A Note from the Author
W
riting is my joy, sociology my passion.
I delight in putting words together in a
way that makes people learn or laugh or both.
Sociology shows up as a set of words, also. It repre-
saenndt sfi onudrin lags wt, abyess tf ohro upse tfoo rl ipvlea ntoegte-ttrhaeinr.i nI fge oelu ar race Earl Babbie
special excitement at being present when sociology,
at last, comes into focus as an idea whose time has years teaching at the University of Hawaii. I resigned
come. from teaching in 1980 and wrote full-time for
I grew up in small-town Vermont and New seven years, until the call of the classroom became
Hampshire. When I announced I wanted to be an too loud to ignore. For me, teaching is like playing
auto-body mechanic, like my dad, my teacher told jazz. Even if you perform the same number over
me I should go to college instead. When Malcolm and over, it never comes out the same twice and
X announced he wanted to be a lawyer, his teacher you don’t know exactly what it’ll sound like until
told him a colored boy should be something more you hear it. Teaching is like writing with your
like a carpenter. The difference in our experiences voice.
says something powerful about the idea of a level In 2006, I retired from teaching once more, and
playing field. The inequalities among ethnic groups can now devote myself more fully to writing. I’ve
run deep. been writing textbooks for over half my life, and
I ventured into the outer world by way of it keeps becoming more exciting, rather than less.
Harvard, the USMC, U.C. Berkeley, and twelve I can’t wait to see what happens next.
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Fourteenth edition
The Practice
of Social Research
Earl Babbie
Chapman University
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
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The Practice of Social Research, © 2016, 2013 Cengage Learning
Fourteenth Edition
WCN: 01-100-101
Earl Babbie
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Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014
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Dedication
Suzanne Babbie
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Contents in Brief
Part 1 Part 4
An Introduction to Inquiry 3 Analysis of Data: Quantitative
and Qualitative 379
1 Human Inquiry and Science 4
2 Paradigms, Theory, and Social
13 Qualitative Data Analysis 381
Research 31
14 Quantitative Data Analysis 411
3 The Ethics and Politics of Social
15 The Logic of Multivariate Analysis 432
Research 60
16 Statistical Analyses 450
17 Reading and Writing Social
Part 2 Research 486
The Structuring of Inquiry:
Appendixes 509
Quantitative and Qualitative 87
A Using the Library 510
4 Research Design 88 B Random Numbers 517
5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, C Distribution of Chi Square 519
and Measurement 123
D Normal Curve Areas 521
6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies 155
E Estimated Sampling Error 522
7 The Logic of Sampling 182
Part 3
Modes of Observation: Quantitative
and Qualitative 223
8 Experiments 224
9 Survey Research 246
10 Qualitative Field Research 287
11 Unobtrusive Research 322
12 Evaluation Research 351
vii
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Contents in Detail
Preface xvii Chapter 2
Acknowledgments xxiii
Paradigms, Theory,
Part 1 An Introduction and Social Research 31
to Inquiry 3
Introduction 32
Some Social Science Paradigms 32
Macrotheory and Microtheory 34
Chapter 1
Early Positivism 34
Human Inquiry and Science 4
Social Darwinism 35
Conflict Paradigm 35
Introduction 5
Symbolic Interactionism 36
Looking for Reality 6
Ethnomethodology 37
Knowledge from Agreement Reality 6
Structural Functionalism 38
Errors in Inquiry, and Some Solutions 8
Feminist Paradigms 38
The Foundations of Social Science 10 Critical Race Theory 40
Theory, Not Philosophy or Belief 10 Rational Objectivity Reconsidered 41
Social Regularities 11
Elements of Social Theory 44
Aggregates, Not Individuals 13
Two Logical Systems Revisited 45
Concepts and Variables 14
The Traditional Model of Science 45
The Purposes of Social Research 19
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning:
Some Dialectics of Social Research 20 A Case Illustration 49
Idiographic and Nomothetic Explanation 21 A Graphic Contrast 50
Inductive and Deductive Theory 23 Deductive Theory Construction 53
Determinism versus Agency 25
Getting Started 53
Qualitative and Quantitative Data 26
Constructing Your Theory 53
The Research Proposal 28 An Example of Deductive Theory:
Distributive Justice 53
Inductive Theory Construction 55
An Example of Inductive Theory: Why Do
People Smoke Marijuana? 56
ix
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