The Practical Imagination: The German Sciences of State in the Nineteenth Century

395 Pages·1997·22.67 MB·English

by  David F. Lindenfeld

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T H E PRACTICAIML AGINATION
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T H E
P c I
RAC TI AL MAGINAT ION
of
The German Sciences State
in the Nineteenth Century
DAVIDF . LINDENFELD
T H E U N I V E R S I T YOF C H I C A G OP R E S S
Chicago and London
DAVIDF . LINDENFELisD p rofessor ofhistory at Louisiana State University and the author of
The ‘Transformationo fPositiuism: Alexius Meinong and European Thought, 1880-1920.
THEU NIVERSITOYF CHICAGOPR ESS,C HICAGO60 637
THEU NIVERSITOYF CHICAGOP RESS,L TD., LONDON
0 1997 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 1997
Printed in the United States of America
06 05 04 03 02 01 99 98 97 1 2 3 4 5
ISBN: 0-226-48241-3 (cloth)
ISBN: 0-22648242-1 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lindenfeld, David E
The practical imagination : the German sciences of state in the
nineteenth century / David E Lindenfeld.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-226-48241-3 (alk. paper).-ISBN 0-226-48242-1 (pbk. :
alk. paper)
1. Social sciences-Germany-History- 19th century. 2. Public
administration-Germany-History- 19th century. 3. Policy sciences-
History- 19th century. 4. Germany-Intellectual life- 19th
century. I. Title.
H53.G4L56 1997
320.943-dc20 96-43699
CIP
@The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the
American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984.
Contents
List of Tables and Figures vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction: A Theoretical Framework 1
0 NE The Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century
Background: Classification 1 1
The Background of Cameralism 1 1; Camera1 Science Defined 14; Statistics
and State Law 20; The Expansion of Cameralism after 1750 22; The
Cameralist System and Natural History 28; Cameralism and the Sciences of
State 33
TWO The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era,
1789-1 8 15: Assimilation 46
German Responses to the Revolution 46
Bildung and the Critique ofthe Mechanical Metaphor ofthe State 46; The Bureaucratic
Counteroffensive in Bavaria and Prussia 51
The Assimilation of Kant and Smith 55; The Napoleonic Period 67;
Shifts within the Field 74
Finance 74; The Science., Of3adeJ: Agriculture, Foresty, TechnoLou, and Commerce 76;
Police Science 81; Statistics 84; Guman Theoretical Economics 85
THREE The Sciences of State at Their Height,
181 5-1 840: Deliberation 89
The “Entire Sciences of State” and Their Institutional Background 89
South Germany and Saxony 94; The Fragmentation ofthe Sciences of State in North Germany 101
The Shape of the Field 1 1 1
State Law and Politics 111 ; Cameralism 3ansformed: ContinuiQ and DiscontinuiB in Economics
118 ; Police Science 125; Finance and Monetary Poliy 130; Statistics 131; Cross-Fertilizations:
Agriculture, Economics, and History 133
The Effectiveness of the Sciences of State in Economic and Social Policy 139
Y
Contents
F 0 UR A Period of Transition, 1840- 1866: Variation 142
The 1840s 143
Bureaucrag) and the Social Quastion 143; The Concern with Stages ofEronomic Groath 151
1848 and After: Institutions and Actors 157; Themes arid Variations 175
Organicism 176; So&& 180; Hi.vtorical Method I85
Applications 186
Economic TfieoT,E conornic Politics, and Finance 186; StatiJtics 193:
Politics, Polizei, and State Inzm 197
FIVE A Truncated Revival, 1866-1 890: Organized
Research and Charisma 205
Unification, the Training of Administrators, and the Universities 208;
The Leading Personalities: Schmoller, Brentano, and Wagner 2 17; 'I'he Verein
fur Soziabolitik 223; The Economic Scimces of State 233
The Historical School 233; Statistic.\ 239; Wagner and Social Economy 243; 'Vlenger and the
ilu.strian School 245; The Methodenstrrit 252
The Juristic Sciences of State: State Law and Administrative Iav 256;
Conclusion 260
S 1X The Wilhelminian Era, 1890- 19 14:
Specialization and Clarification 264
The Kuthedersoziulirten and Public Opinion 265; Structural and Generational
Changes in the Academic Environment 28 1 ; Specialization 286;
Interdisciplinary Trends: Sociology, History, Anthropolocgy2 96; TheJ uristic
Sciences of State 304; The Revival of Economic Theory after 1900 309; The
Problematic Relation of Theory to Practice 3 15
Epilogue 323
Appendix: The Data from University Catalogues 33 1
Abbreviations 335
Bibliography 337
Index 371
vi
Tables and Figures
TABLES
Table 1 German Book Market, Selected Categories 24
Table 2 The Cameral Academies 35
Table 3 Schlozer’s Science of Politics 44
Table 4 Lectures and Enrollments, 1820- 1840 91
Table 5 Enrollments in Philosophy of Law, State Law, and
Cameralism, University of Berlin, 18 19--1840 105
Table 6 Polizei~i.sserisc~iaan~d I.’olks~irtscha~.~oliti~ 127
Table 7 Enrollments in Lectures in Politics under Dahlmann at
Bonn, 1850--1865 172
Table 8 Articles in Zeitschrij?f ur diegesamte Staatsle~issenschaSten,
1844- 1864 140
Table 9 Appointments in the Social Sciences, 18651 890 214
Table 10 Schmoller’s Enrollments at Halle, 1865-72 218
Table 11 Lectures with Highest Enrollments in the Philosophical
Facultx 1885- 19 10 270
Table 2 Enrollments in Economics Seminars, 1890-1 9 14 282
Table 3 Appointments in thr Social Sciences, 1885-1 9 14 283
Table 4 Lcctures in Sociology by Main Subject Area of Professor,
1885-1 9 14 297
Tablc 5 Systems of Economics: Philippovich and Clieber 314
FIGURES
Figure 1 Survey Lectures in Cameral and State Sciences,
1820- I 840 93
Figure 2 Lectures in German Positive State Law at Five-Year
Intervals, 1820- 1865 114
Figure 3 Lectures in Politics, 1820--1 865 115
Figure 4 General Lectures in Economics, 1820 1865 118
Figure 5 Lectures in Poliz&is.wnschaJi: 1820 1865 126
~
vii
Tables and Figures
Figure 6 Lectures in German and European Statistics, 1820-1865 133
Figure 7 Lectures in Agriculture, Forestry, and Technology,
1820-1865 134
Figure 8 Enrollments and Survey Lectures, 1 840- 1865 143
Figure 9 Lectures in History of Economic Thought, 1840-1865 162
Figure 10 Lectures in VolkswirtJchajlspolitik and Polizeiwissenschajl,
1 840- 1890 200
Figure 11 Lectures in Social Policy, 1865-1890 207
Figure 12 Economics Drills, Recitations, and Seminars, 1820--1865 216
Figure 1 3 Specialization in Economic Policy, 1880- 19 10 288
Figure 14 Lectures in Social Policy and Insurance, 188551 9 14 288
Figure 15 Lectures in Politics and General Theory of State,
1890-1 9 14 307
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