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The Portuguese conquest of the Amazon Estuary PDF

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THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST OF THE AMAZON ESTUARY: IDENTITY, WAR, FRONTIER (1612-1654) Pablo Ibáñez Bonillo A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9790 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence The Portuguese Conquest of the Amazon Estuary: Identity, War, Frontier (1612-1654) Pablo Ibáñez Bonillo This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 The Portuguese Conquest of the Amazon Estuary: Identity, War, Frontier (1612-1654) Pablo Ibáñez Bonillo A Thesis to be submitted to Universidad Pablo de Olavide and University of St Andrews for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Anthropology School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies University of St Andrews A Joint PhD with Universidad Pablo de Olavide Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía Co-supervisor: Dr. Mark Harris Co-supervisor: Dr. Juan Marchena Fernández October 2016 2 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Pablo Ibáñez Bonillo, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 300.000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted for the joint degree of PhD in Social Anthropology in February, 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews and the Universidad Pablo de Olavide between 2011 and 2016. 11/10/2016, Pablo Ibáñez Bonillo 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in Social Anthropology in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. 11/10/2016, Mark Harris 3. Permission for publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: PRINTED COPY a) No embargo on print copy ELECTRONIC COPY a) No embargo on electronic copy 11/10/2016 Signature of candidate: Pablo Ibáñez Signature of supervisor: Mark Harris 3 Summary The Portuguese conquest and colonization of Brazil was mediated by the Tupi-Guarani societies that inhabited the Atlantic coast in a discontinuous pattern from the estuary of the River Plate to the mouth of the Amazon. In fact, the extension of Portuguese occupation coincides with the limits of expansion of these Tupi-Guarani societies in most regions, suggesting a historical relation with deep potential implications. This work studies the conquest and construction of the Portuguese colonial frontier in the Lower Amazon and its estuary at the beginning of the XVIIth century, aiming to unveil the nature of the relations between Portuguese and Amerindian societies. The starting point is the hypothesis that the presence of Tupinamba societies from the Brazilian northeast, and of many other groups linked with them through language and culture, helped the Portuguese cause in their dispute for the control of the southern Amazon shores with other European competitors trading in the region. However, this very same dependency on the Tupinamba also acted as a brake on the Portuguese conquest as it headed north. This is supposed by the fact that almost no Tupi-Guarani traces have been recorded on the northern shore of the Amazon. After analyzing native American dynamics in Brazil and Guayana, this work presents a detailed study of the battles and skirmishes fought by opposed European interests, and their natives allies, in the Amazon from 1616 to 1632. The last part is devoted to the analysis of the process of cultural construction on the colonial frontier, through conquest mechanisms that were also deployed on other colonial American frontiers. Among these mechanisms I emphasise the implementation of a set of institutions and the construction of a negative and savage native alterity through narratives that have been reproduced by the regional historiography. Key-words: Ethnohistory, Amazonia, Tupinamba, Conquest, Frontier Resumen La conquista y colonización portuguesa del territorio brasileño estuvo intermediada por las poblaciones de lengua tupí-guaraní que ocupaban la costa atlántica de manera discontinua desde el estuario del Río de la Plata hasta la desembocadura del río Amazonas. De hecho, la extensión de la ocupación lusa coincide en muchas regiones con los límites de expansión de estas mismas sociedades tupí-guaranís, sugiriendo una relación histórica de hondas implicaciones potenciales. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de la conquista y construcción de la frontera colonial portuguesa en el Bajo Amazonas y el estuario de dicho río a principios del siglo XVII, con el objetivo de conocer las relaciones entre los portugueses y las sociedades nativas en este preciso episodio histórico. Se parte de la hipótesis de que la presencia de pueblos tupinambás procedentes del nordeste brasileño y de otros grupos emparentados con ellos cultural y lingüísticamente favoreció la causa portuguesa en la 4 disputa por el control del cauce amazónico con los competidores europeos que también comerciaban en la región. Sin embargo, la misma dependencia de la intermediación tupinambá pudo contribuir a limitar el avance de la conquista portuguesa, limitando su eficacia en la orilla norte del Amazonas. Tras analizar las dinámicas indígenas en Brasil y Guayana, se estudian en este trabajo las batallas y escaramuzas que se libraron entre los años 1616 y 1632 a orillas del Amazonas, para analizar en la última parte el proceso de construcción cultural de la frontera colonial, a partir de mecanismos de conquista habituales en otras fronteras americanas. Entre esos mecanismos destacan la implantación de determinadas instituciones o una construcción negativa y bárbara de la alteridad indígena a partir de relatos que entroncan con la historiografía regional. Palabras Clave: Etnohistoria, Amazonía, Tupinambá, Conquista, Frontera Resumo A conquista e colonização portuguesa do Brasil foi fortemente mediada pelos grupos de línguas Tupi- Guarani que ocupavam de uma forma descontínua a costa atlántica, desde o estuário do Rio da Prata até a desembocadura do rio Amazonas. Na realidade, a extensão da ocupação portuguesa do território coincide com os limites da expansão dos grupos Tupi-Guarani em muitas regiões, sugerindo uma relação histórica de profundas implicações potenciais. O presente trabalho estuda a conquista e construção da fronteira colonial portuguesa no Baixo Amazonas e no estuário do mesmo rio, nos primórdios do século XVII, tratando de esclarecer a natureza das relações entre os Portugueses e as sociedades nativas. O punto de partida para este trabalho é a hipótese de que a presença de grupos Tupinambá procedentes do nordeste do Brasil e de muitos outros grupos a eles aparentados, cultural e lingüísticamente, favoreceu a causa Portuguesa na disputa pelo controle das margens do Amazonas com o resto de competidores europeus que comerciavam na região. Porém, esta mesma dependência da mediação Tupinambá contribuiu a frear a conquista portuguesa na direção norte, sendo quase inexistente na margem norte a pegada das línguas e culturas Tupi-Guaranis. Tendo analizado as dinâmicas nativas no Brasil e Guaiana, este trabalho apresenta um estudo detalhado das batalhas e escaramuças em que se enfrentaram os interesses europeus no rio Amazonas, entre 1616 e 1632. A última parte é dedicada à análise dos processos de construção cultural da fronteira colonial, por meio de mecanismos que foram também empregados em outras fronteras coloniais americanas, nomeadamente a implantação de algumas instituições ou a construção de uma alteridade salvagem e negativa das populações indígenas, usando narrativas que posteriormente foram reproduzidas na historiografia regional. Palavras Chave: Etno-história, Amazônia, Tupinambá, Conquista, Fronteira 5 Tabla de contenido Índice de Imágenes ............................................................................................................................... 10 Introducción .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Orígenes ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Objetivos, Temas e Hipótesis ........................................................................................................... 16 Fuentes .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Estructura .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................................... 30 Parte I .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Capítulo 1.- La Frontera Geográfica ..................................................................................................... 36 1.1.- Una frontera determinada ....................................................................................................... 36 1.2.- La influencia de las corrientes .................................................................................................. 41 1.3.- El archipiélago de Marajó ........................................................................................................ 46 1.4.- El Bajo Amazonas ..................................................................................................................... 47 1.5.- Una frontera construida ........................................................................................................... 49 Capítulo 2.- El límite amerindio ............................................................................................................ 54 2.1.- La ocupación humana de la Amazonía .................................................................................... 54 2.2.- El periodo Formativo y los bloques etno-lingüísticos ............................................................. 57 2.3.- Guerra y Comercio en el Amazonas: ¿Una cuestión de etos? ................................................ 65 2.4.- Arahuacos, Tupís, Caribes ........................................................................................................ 72 Capítulo 3.- Historia de dos islas .......................................................................................................... 78 3.1.- Las Islas fantásticas del Océano Tenebroso ............................................................................ 79 3.2.- El mito colonial de la Isla Brasil ................................................................................................ 83 3.3.- El Dorado en la Isla Guayana ................................................................................................... 93 3.4.- Una frontera entre dos islas ................................................................................................... 100 Capítulo 4.- La Diplomacia Europea ................................................................................................... 106 4.1.- La Unión Ibérica y la conquista del Amazonas ...................................................................... 106 4.2.- Enemigos imperiales en la frontera amazónica .................................................................... 112 4.2.1.- Inglaterra ......................................................................................................................... 112 4.2.2.- Las Provincias Unidas ...................................................................................................... 114 4.2.3.- Francia.............................................................................................................................. 117 4.3.- Razones para la consolidación de una frontera amazónica .................................................. 120 Parte II ................................................................................................................................................. 129 Capítulo 5.- Sociedades Complejas en el río Amazonas .................................................................... 132 5.1.- Las sociedades amazónicas en las primeras crónicas europeas (s. XVI)............................... 132 5.2.- El debate sobre los cacicazgos amazónicos ........................................................................... 141 6 5.3.- Los Sistemas Regionales Multiétnicos ................................................................................... 148 5.3.1.- Marajó ............................................................................................................................. 151 5.3.2.- Tapajós ............................................................................................................................. 154 Capítulo 6.- Conquista y Depredación en la isla Brasil ...................................................................... 164 6.1.- Un mundo tupí ........................................................................................................................ 164 6.2.- La integración portuguesa en la red tupinambá ................................................................... 176 6.3.- Tupinambás y franceses ......................................................................................................... 182 6.4.- Otros mundos en el Maranhão .............................................................................................. 191 6.4.1.- Guajajara (Tenetehara) ................................................................................................... 192 6.4.2.- Tremembé ....................................................................................................................... 193 6.4.3.- Indios de Corso ................................................................................................................ 194 6.4.4.- Amanayé .......................................................................................................................... 196 6.4.5.- Barbados (Perós) ............................................................................................................. 197 6.4.6.- Gamelas (Indios Grandes) ............................................................................................... 198 6.4.7.- Cabellos Largos ................................................................................................................ 199 6.5.- La campaña de Jerónimo de Albuquerque al Maranhão ...................................................... 200 6.6.- El filtro tupí en la conquista portuguesa ............................................................................... 205 6.7.- La Fundación del Forte do Presépio (Pará) ............................................................................ 212 6.8.- Caminos y lenguas en la red tupinambá ................................................................................ 216 Capítulo 7.- Comercio e Intercambio en las Guayanas ...................................................................... 230 7.1.- La costa de los Aruacas .......................................................................................................... 230 7.2.- Redes multiétnicas en la Guayana oriental ........................................................................... 245 7.3.- La red multiétnica en el bajo Oyapock .................................................................................. 250 7.3.1.- Galibi ................................................................................................................................ 251 7.3.2.- Arocouro (Palikur) ........................................................................................................... 254 7.3.3.- Aricarí ............................................................................................................................... 255 7.3.4.- Yao ................................................................................................................................... 257 7.4.- Las factorías europeas en la Guayana oriental y el Amazonas ............................................. 265 Parte III ................................................................................................................................................ 279 Capítulo 8.- Guerra y Rebelión en la Conquista ................................................................................. 282 8.1.- La guerra nativa ...................................................................................................................... 282 8.2.- La guerra durante la Conquista europea ............................................................................... 293 8.3.- Otras formas de guerra: la violencia colonial ........................................................................ 302 Capítulo 9.- La gran rebelión tupinambá ........................................................................................... 308 9.1.- Motivaciones, Rebelión, Resistencia ..................................................................................... 308 9.2.- La organización del alzamiento .............................................................................................. 318 7 9.3.- Alcance geográfico de la rebelión .......................................................................................... 337 9.3.1.- El complejo oriental tupí-guaraní y la frontera nheengaíba .......................................... 339 Capítulo 10.- Curupa ........................................................................................................................... 353 10.1.- El sistema étnico del Bajo Amazonas y la red comercial holandesa .................................. 358 10.1.1.- El bajo Xingú .................................................................................................................. 358 10.1.2.- La orilla norte del Amazonas (Karipuna) ...................................................................... 362 10.1.3.- Gurupá ........................................................................................................................... 373 10.2.- Las campañas portuguesas de 1623 y 1625 ......................................................................... 377 10.2.1.- La campaña de Luís Aranha de Vasconcelos ................................................................ 379 10.2.2.- Bento Maciel Parente en Mariocay (Curupa) ............................................................... 382 10.2.3.- El contrataque holandés: Mandiutuba ......................................................................... 386 10.2.4.- La destrucción de los fuertes del Xingú ........................................................................ 393 10.2.5.- La colonia de Adriaanszon Ita en Genipapo (Parú) ...................................................... 397 Capítulo 11.- Sapana ........................................................................................................................... 407 11.1.- Maraon ................................................................................................................................. 408 11.2.- Aruá ....................................................................................................................................... 413 11.3.- El sertão de los Tucujús ........................................................................................................ 425 11.4.- El fortín irlandés de Tauregue .............................................................................................. 434 11.5.- Bernard O’Brien y la campaña de 1629 ............................................................................... 441 11.6.- North Fort y Cumaú (1630-1632) ......................................................................................... 454 Parte IV ................................................................................................................................................ 461 Capítulo 12.- Instituciones de Frontera ............................................................................................. 463 12.1.- Capitanías ............................................................................................................................. 465 12.2.- Ciudades y Centro Colonial .................................................................................................. 475 12.3.- Aldeas Indígenas, Haciendas e Ingenios .............................................................................. 486 12.4.- Descendimiento y Esclavitud ............................................................................................... 493 12.5.- La periferia colonial .............................................................................................................. 500 Capítulo 13.- La Construcción del Otro .............................................................................................. 512 13.1.- El naufragio de Luís Figueira ................................................................................................ 512 13.2.- La Guerra Justa y sus argumentos ....................................................................................... 532 Capítulo 14.- Una Frontera Negociada ............................................................................................... 550 14.1.- Los Intermediarios Culturales en la Frontera ...................................................................... 550 14.2.- Las paces de Mapuá (1659) .................................................................................................. 563 14.3.- Principales y Nuevos Liderazgos .......................................................................................... 570 14.4.- Las élites locales y la negociación con el Centro ................................................................. 582 Últimas líneas desde la frontera ........................................................................................................ 589 8 Last lines from the Frontier (2.298 words) ......................................................................................... 594 Referencias Bibliográficas .................................................................................................................. 600 Fuentes de Archivo ......................................................................................................................... 600 Fuentes Impresas ............................................................................................................................ 610 Bibliografía ...................................................................................................................................... 616 9

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Amazon and its estuary at the beginning of the XVIIth century, aiming to unveil the nature of the relations headed north. This is supposed by the fact that almost no Tupi-Guarani traces have been recorded on La obra de referencia de Service es Primitive Social Organization (1962). 26 Como bien
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