The politics today companion to West European politics

209 Pages·2003·2.048 MB·English

by  Roberts, Geoffrey K.;Hogwood, Patricia

THE POLITICS TODAY COMPANION TO
WEST EUROPEAN POLITICS
POLITICS TODAY series editor Bill Jones
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POLITICS TODAY series editor Bill Jones
THE POLITICS TODAY COMPANION TO
WEST EUROPEAN POLITICS
Geoffrey K.Roberts
and Patricia Hogwood
Manchester University Press
Manchester and New York
distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave
Copyright © Geoffrey K.Roberts
and Patricia Hogwood 2003
The right of Geoffrey K.Roberts and Patricia
Hogwood to be identified as the authors of
this work has been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
Published by Manchester University Press
Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK
and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York,
NY 10010, USA
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
Distributed exclusively in the USA by
Palgrave, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York,
NY 10010, USA
Distributed exclusively in Canada by
UBC Press, University of British Columbia,
2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data applied for
ISBN 0 7190 5420 6 hardback
0 7190 5421 4 paperback
First published 2003
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Typeset by Carnegie Publishing Ltd, Lancaster
Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd,
Guildford and King’s Lynn
Contents
Preface page vii Spain
General 163
The transition to democracy 163
Section 1 Events, groups and developments Elections and changes of government
List of entries 1 163
Entries 3 Smaller democracies 163
Europe
Section 2 Biographies Integration 164
General 167
List of entries 77
Entries 79
Section 3 Abbreviations Section 5 Data relating to political systems
General abbreviations 143 The countries of Western Europe
Political parties 143 Austria 169
European and cross-national organisations Belgium 170
147 Denmark 172
Miscellaneous 147 Finland 172
France 174
Germany 176
Section 4 Chronologies Greece 177
Iceland 178
United Kingdom
Ireland 179
General elections and changes of
Italy 180
government 149
Luxembourg 181
General 150
Malta 182
France The Netherlands 183
The Fourth Republic 152 Norway 184
The transition to the Fifth Republic and the Portugal 185
Algerian issue 153 Spain 186
The Fifth Republic: general 153 Sweden 187
The Fifth Republic: elections and changes Switzerland 188
of government 154 United Kingdom 189
Germany International organisations in Western
Bundestag elections, changes of Europe
government and election of federal Council of Europe 191
presidents 155 European Union (EU) 191
The division and reunification of Germany North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
157 (NATO) 192
General 159
Italy
General 160
Elections and changes of government 161 Selected references 193

Preface
Generally politics textbooks lack other important organisations which
sufficient space to provide full details of play (or have played in the recent past)
important political actors or of particular a significant political role, together with
political events or crises. They may well the names of those organisations.
refer to political leaders or events, such Where appropriate these are given in
as Konrad Adenauer or Olaf Palme, the English translation and in their ‘home’
Suez crisis or Poujadism, but usually language. The fourth section is a set of
only in passing and not in sufficient chronologies, divided into groups based
detail to inform the reader adequately on particular countries or groups of
about the political careers of these countries. As well as a general
politicians, or the origins, course and chronology for each country or group of
consequences of the events. As countries, specialised chronologies of
co-authors of the textbook: European major developments are supplied,
Politics Today, we are aware that which cover, for example, the
students need a background in the reunification of Germany and the
contemporary history of European transition to democracy in Spain. The
countries in order to understand the fifth section is a set of political data
significance of the political relating to the political system of each
developments which we trace in that country in Western Europe.
textbook. We have therefore Of course difficult choices had to be
endeavoured to write an accessible and made concerning what to include and
relevant guide to the kind of background what to leave out. Generally speaking,
information which students will need in the time-frame is from the start of the
order to get to grips with the political Second World War onwards (with
systems of Western European countries December 2001 as the ‘closing date’).
and the changes taking place in those We have selected the Second World
political systems. War as a starting point, as this turned
This Companion to West European out to be an important watershed in the
Politics has five sections. Sections 1 and development of societies and political
2 provide, in the style of a dictionary, and economic systems in most Western
(a) explanations of significant political European countries. We have, though,
events, groupings and developments, included occasional references to some
and (b) details of the political careers of earlier developments and events where
significant West European politicians, these have been especially relevant to
especially those who have been head of post-war developments, such as the
their country’s government or head of Spanish civil war and nazism.
state. Entries in both sections contain, Geographically, the book is confined to
where appropriate, cross-references to Western Europe. Special emphasis has
other entries in those two sections: for been placed on the United Kingdom,
instance, the entry for Mitterrand has a France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the
cross-reference to cohabitation, and that political system of the European Union,
for the Suez crisis has cross-references to reflect the relative size and political
to Eden and Macmillan. The third importance of those political systems, as
section consists of lists of abbreviations well as the fact that they constitute the
(or short names) of political parties and focus of most courses in West
Preface
European politics in universities and The authors hope that students will
colleges. We have, though, been careful find this book useful as a supplement to
to include politicians and events which their textbooks, and that teachers and
have proved decisive for smaller and other readers will make use of the book
less familiar European democracies, and as a reliable source of information and
which have often impacted upon larger reference.
CE countries and the European Union. In Preface
A
F the first section, covering events and The authors wish to express their
E
PR developments, no attempt has been thanks to Ian Gillan, Jill Lovecy, Elisa
i made to provide coverage of general Roller and Alasdair Young for their
i
vi political science concepts, such as valuable advice and suggestions. Full
presidentialism or opposition. Only responsibility for the work remains, of
where a concept has special relevance course, with its authors.
to Western Europe has it been included.
Examples are: cohabitation,
consociationalism, grand coalition and Geoffrey K.Roberts, Manchester
new politics. Patricia Hogwood, Glasgow
Section 1
Events, groups and developments
LIST OF ENTRIES Campaign for Nuclear European Defence
Disarmament (CND) Community (EDC): Pleven
acquis communitaire ‘cash for questions’ affair Plan
Action Directe chancellor democracy European enlargement
additionality church tax European Free Trade
Additional Member System citizen initiative groups Association (EFTA)
(AMS) citizens in uniform European Unit of Account
adversary politics civil society (EUA) [See: European
Aegean Sea dispute Clause Four Currency Unit (ECU)]
Algerian conflict (1954–62) ‘clean hands’ operation euro-sceptic
Alternative Vote System (AV) [See: Mani pulite] Eurosclerosis
Amsterdam Treaty clientelism Events of May (1968)
animal rights co-determination [See: May Events]
anti-capitalist riots ‘cod wars’ Évian Agreements
antifa groups [See: cohabitation Exchange Rate Mechanism
anti-fascism] Cohesion Fund [See: (ERM)
anti-fascism Economic and Social extra-parliamentary
anti-Semitism Cohesion] opposition (APO)
Armed Forces Movement Cold War
(Portugal) collaboration Falklands War
asylum Colonels’ coup (Greece) fascism
Atlanticists and Gaullists Common Agricultural Policy Felipeism (Felipismo)
ausserparlamentarische (CAP) final solution
Opposition (APO) [See: consociationalism Finlandisation
extra-parliamentary constitutionalism First-past-the-post system
opposition] constructive vote of no (FPTP)
Aussiedler confidence Flick Affair
Austrian State Treaty corporatism [See: floating voter
Autonomen (the neo-corporatism] Fundis [See: Realos and
Autonomous) Crichel Down Fundis]
cumul des mandats
Baader-Meinhof group G-7 [See: Group of Eight]
Bad Godesberg Programme democratic deficit G-8 [See: Group of Eight]
[See: Godesberg denazification Gang of Four
Programme] détente Gastarbeiter
Barschel Affair GCHQ case
Basic Law economic miracle German question
Basic Treaty (1972) Economic and Monetary Gibraltar
Basque separatism Union (EMU) glasnost
Belgrano Affair [See: Economic and social Godesberg Programme
Falklands War] cohesion Good Friday Agreement
Benelux empty chair crisis Grabenwahlsystem
Berlin airlift [See: Berlin Enosis (Germany)
blockade] ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna; grand coalition
Berlin blockade Basque Nation and green card system (of
Berlin uprising 1953 Liberty) immigration)
Berlin Wall eurocommunism green movement
Beveridge Report (UK) European Central Bank (ECB) Group of Eight (G-8)
Bizonia European Coal and Steel Guillaume Affair
Bonn Republic–Berlin Community (ECSC) Gulf War
Republic transition European Currency Unit
Bundesbank (ECU) Hallstein Doctrine