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The Politics of Fear The Politics of Fear What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean Ruth Wodak SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 © Ruth Wodak 2015 First published 2015 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932198 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4462-4699-3 ISBN 978-1-4462-4700-6 (pbk) Editor: Mila Steele Assistant editor: James Piper Production editor: Imogen Roome Copy-editor: Solveig Gardner Servian Proofreader: Leigh C. Timmins Indexer: Silvia Benvenuto Marketing manager: Michael Ainsley Cover design: Jen Crisp Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY For Jakob Contents List of Figures, Tables, Images and Vignettes Preface Acknowledgements 1 Populism and Politics: Transgressing Norms and Taboos 2 Theories and Definitions: The Politics of Identity 3 Protecting Borders and the People: The Politics of Exclusion 4 Language and Identity: The Politics of Nationalism 5 Antisemitism: The Politics of Denial 6 Performance and the Media: The Politics of Charisma 7 Gender and the Body Politic: The Politics of Patriarchy 8 Mainstreaming: The Normalization of Exclusion Glossary of Right-wing Populist Parties References Index List of Figures, Tables, Images and Vignettes Figures 2.1 Topos of history 40 3.1 The ‘Political Field’: Functions, genres, discourses and iscursive practices 48 3.2 Discourses about right-wing populist agenda 49 3.3 A simplified model of argumentation 52 4.1 Body politics and the ‘nation’ 76 6.1 Topos of saviour combined with the topos of history 143 6.2 Semantic field of ‘Islam’ as used by the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) 144 7.1 Gender distribution, European Parliament elections 2014 155 Tables 2.1 Overview of European parties, losses and gains after European Parliament elections 2014 31 2.2 Results of the British National Party (BNP) in European Parliament elections 1994– 2014 33 2.3 Results of the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) in European Parliament elections 1996–2014 33 2.4 Results of the Front National (FN) in European Parliament elections 1984–2014 34 2.5 Election results of Italian right-wing populist parties 1992–2013, national elections 34 2.6 Election results of United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in European Parliament elections 1994–2014 35 2.7 Selected European right-wing parties 1986–2013, national elections 36 3.1 Selected list of formal topoi 53 3.2 Selected list of content-related topoi in right-wing populist rhetoric 53 4.1 Citizenship and language requirements in selected EU countries 89