The Politics of Deforestation in Africa

192 Pages·2018·1.953 MB·English

by  Nadia Rabesahala Horning

Nadia
Rabesahala
Horning

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The Politics of Deforestation in Africa
Nadia Rabesahala Horning
The Politics
of Deforestation
in Africa
Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda
Nadia Rabesahala Horning
Department of Political Science
Middlebury College
Middlebury, VT, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-76827-4 ISBN 978-3-319-76828-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76828-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934655
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018
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Cover design: Thomas Howey
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Ho an’i Naina sy Nanja, ary koa ny zanaka aman-jafiny.
A
cknowledgements
There is irony in single authorship when one’s work depends on so many
others’ input and support. I am indebted to the many farmers, govern-
ment officials, NGO workers, scholars, and researchers from whom I
learned so much over the course of decades of research. I also owe much
to three individuals who helped me navigate variable logistical and cul-
tural environments in Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda. Whenever I
needed them, Josiane Ravaosolo, Lydia Mbaze, and Mohamed Bukenya
were there. Working with them was a joy.
Colleagues from Sokoine University of Agriculture and Makerere
University kindly hosted me and supported me anyway they could to
make this research possible. A heartfelt thank you goes out to Professors
George Kajembe, Seif Madofe, Susan Balaba, and to my wonderful
Swhahili teachers, Dr. Waithera Roki and Olais Mungaya.
Away from the field, exceptionally dedicated Middlebury College stu-
dents were instrumental in helping sift through scholarship, organize
data, and conduct statistical analyses. Nandumiso Qwabe, Cullen Edes,
and Hannah Stonebraker were veritable heroes, and I will not soon for-
get their patience and professionalism. Middlebury College, including
the Rohatyn Center for Global Affairs, was generous in its support to
make it all possible.
My gratitude also goes out to colleagues whose own areas of exper-
tise fall outside my own and yet were generous enough to help me clar-
ify my argument. David Steinhardt, Mark E. Williams, and anonymous
reviewers read parts of or the entire manuscript at various stages of its
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
development. Their editorial and substantive suggestions helped me
improve this book’s content and style. Any remaining shortcomings are
mine alone.
At Palgrave Macmillan, Alina Yurova, John Stegner, Velvizhi Mari,
and Mary Fata knew just how to balance firmness and flexibility to
advance this manuscript through the various stages of production. It was
delightful to work with them.
Through years of research, travel across Africa, juggling multiple pro-
jects in academia, and raising two sons, Ned Horning was my steady
source of stability and comfort. Accomplishments are his as much as they
are mine.
To all, misaotra betsaka!
ansanteni sana!
weebale nnyo!
c
ontents
1 Why Deforestation Persists in Africa: Actors, Interests,
and Interest Alignment 1
2 Seeing Like a Farmer: Resource Politics
at the Community Level 43
3 Executive Branches and Trees: Environmental Politics
at the National Level 89
4 Across the Great Divide: Collaborative Forest
Management 135
5 Epilogue 165
Index 177
ix
A
bbreviAtions
ANAE A ssociation Nationale d’Actions Environnementales
(Madagascar)
ANGAP A ssociation Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées
(now MANAPA)
CBFM Community-Based Forest Management (Tanzania)
CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource Management
CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Tanzania)
CFM Collaborative Forest Management (Tanzania and Uganda)
CFMA Collaborative Forest Management Agreement
CFR Central Forest Reserve (Uganda)
CLB or COBA Communauté Locale de Base
DD Direction des Domaines (Madagascar)
DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs (Uganda)
DEF Direction des Eaux et Forêts (Madagascar)
DFS District Forest Service
FD Forest Department (Uganda)
FID Forestry Inspectorate Division (Uganda)
FR Forest Reserves (Uganda)
FSSD Forestry Sector Support Department (Uganda)
FTM Foiben-Taosarintanin’i Madagasikara (national geographic
institute)
GCF Gestion Contractuelle des Forêts (contract-based forest
management, Madagascar)
GELOSE G estion Locale Sécurisée (secured local [resource]
management, Madagascar)
xi
xii ABBREVIATIONS
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (now GIZ
for Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
IFI International Financial Institution
IFRI International Forest Resources and Institutions
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JFM Joint Forest Management (Tanzania)
JMA Joint Management Agreement
KFW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
LAFR Local Authority Forest Reserve (Tanzania)
LC Local Councils (Uganda)
LFR Local Forest Reserve (Uganda)
LOGA Local Government Authority (Tanzania)
MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
(Uganda)
MANAPA Madagascar National Parks
ME Ministry of Environment (Uganda)
MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (Uganda)
MITI Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (Uganda)
MLG Ministry of Local Government (Uganda)
MWE Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)
NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (Tanzania)
NEAP National Environmental Program
NEMA National Environment Management Authority (Uganda)
NFA National Forest Authority (Uganda)
NFR National Forest Reserve (Tanzania)
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
ONE Office National de l’Environnement (Madagascar)
PA Protected Area
PCE Policy Committee on Environment (Uganda)
PFE Permanent Forest Estate (Uganda)
PFM Participatory Forest Management
PRC People’s Republic of China
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
SAP Structural Adjustment Program
SFD Scientific and Forest Department (Uganda)
SMB Secrétariat Multi-Bailleurs (Madagascar)
TANAPA Tanzania National Parks
TANU Tanganyika National Union
TAS Tanzania Assistance Strategy
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USAID United States Agency of International Development
UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority
VFC Village Forest Committee