The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945

407 Pages·1982·21.913 MB·English

by  Andrew C. Janos

The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary

THE POLITICS OF
BACKWARDNESS IN
HUNGARY
1825-1945
Andrew C. Janos
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright © 1982 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be
found on the last printed page of this book
This book has been composed in Linotron Baskerville
Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books
are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are
chosen for strength and durability
Printed in the United States of America by Princeton
University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
To THE MEMORY OF MY PARENTS

Contents
List of Tables ix
List of Maps and Diagrams xi
Preface xiii
Hungarian Spelling and Pronunciation xxix
Chronological Survey of Relevant Events xxxi
I. Historical Background 3
II. The Impulse to Reform (1825-1848) 35
III. Bureaucratic State and Neo-Corporatist Society (1849-1905) 84
IV. The Revolution of the Left (1906-1919) 149
V. The Restoration of Neo-Corporatism (1919-1931) 201
VI. The Revolution of the Right (1932-1945) 238
Conclusions 313
Bibliography 325
Index 345

List of Tables
1 Religion in the Kingdom of Hungary, 1839 6
2 Nationalities in the Kingdom of Hungary, 1839 11
3 Distribution of Fiefs in 27 Counties, 1784-1787 18
4 Hungary's Major Exports and Imports, 1817-1826 41
5 Correlation Between Political Affiliation, Number of Voters, and
the Distribution of Property, 1832-1848 61
6 Aristocrats in the House of Representatives, 1875-1905 100
7 Revenues, Expenditures, and National Debt, 1868-1875 107
8 Social Composition of the Hungarian Bureaucracy, 1890 and 1910 110
9 Key Ministries Occupied by Status Groups, 1875-1918 111
10 Ethnic Origin of Hungarian Bureaucrats, 1890 and 1910 112
11 The Jewish Population of Hungary, 1842-1910 113
12 Highest Class of Taxpayers (Virilists) in Eighteen Counties, 1887 114
13 The Average Price of Wheat in London and Vienna, 1878-1899 130
14 State Expenditures by Sector, 1868-1894 134
15 Party Composition of the House of Representatives, 1875-1905 136
16 Social Composition of the House of Representatives, 1887-1910 137
17 Occupational Background of Members of the House of
Representatives, 1887-1910 138
18 Structure of the Active Industrial Labor Force, 1900 and 1910 151
19 Structure of Hungarian Industries by Branch, 1899 and 1907 152
20 Average Annual Volume and Value of Wheat Produced, 1871-1910 153
21 Weekly Earnings of Industrial Labor Force, 1901-1910 155
22 Average Annual Wage of Workers by Industry, 1910 156
23 Composition of the Student Body. Parental Occupation and
Field of Study, 1910 174
24 Jewish Members of Left Radical Elites, 1900-1919 177
25 Jewish Students, 1853-1913 178
26 Bureaucratic Membership of the House of Representatives,
1922-1931 213
27 Convictions in Courts of Law for Political Offenses, 1910 and
1928 217
28 Cereal and Sugar Beet Production on Different Sized
Landholdings, 1926-1933 221
29 Agricultural Productivity in Europe. Northwest-Southeast Axis,
1925-1935 242
ix
List of Tables
30 Average Income Produced per Working Population. Core—
Periphery, 1913 and 1930 243
31 Comparison of Nominal and Real Earnings, 1913-1920 249
32 Salary of Civil Servants, Executive Class, 1925-1928 249
33 A Comparison of Bureaucratic Salaries, Hungary-Austria-
Germany, 1924-1925 250
34 Social Composition of Bureaucracy, 1927 251
35 Ethnic Composition of Bureaucracy, 1927 254
36 Age of Deputies in Government Machine, 1887-1939 280
37 Occupational Structure: Government Machine, House of
Representatives, 1905-1939 280
38 Social Composition of Parliament, 1920-1944 281
39 Social Composition of Cabinets, 1919-1944 282
40 National Socialist Leadership 284
X