The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia: Issues of Quality and Equity

245 Pages·2016·1.787 MB·English

by  Yuto Kitamura, D. Brent Edwards Jr., Chhinh Sitha, James H. Williams (eds.)

International and Development Education
The International and Development Education Series focuses on the complementary areas
of comparative, international, and development education. Books emphasize a number of
topics ranging from key international education issues, trends, and reforms to examina-
tions of national education systems, social theories, and development education initiatives.
Local, national, regional, and global volumes (single authored and edited collections) con-
stitute the breadth of the series and offer potential contributors a great deal of latitude
based on interests and cutting edge research. The series is supported by a strong network
of international scholars and development professionals who serve on the International and
Development Education Advisory Board and participate in the selection and review process
for manuscript development.
SERIES EDITORS
John N. Hawkins
Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles
Co-Director, Asian Pacific Higher Education Research Partnership (APHERP), East West Center
W. James Jacob
Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh
Director, Institute for International Studies in Education
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Weiyan Xiong
Program Coordinator, Institute for International Studies in Education
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Clementina Acedo , Webster University, Switzerland
Philip G. Altbach , Boston University, USA
Carlos E. Blanco , Universidad Central de Venezuela
Oswell C. Chakulimba , University of Zambia
Sheng Yao Cheng , National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Ruth Hayhoe , University of Toronto, Canada
Wanhua Ma , Peking University, China
Ka Ho Mok , Hong Kong Institute of Education, China
Christine Musselin , Sciences Po, France
Yusuf K. Nsubuga , Ministry of Education and Sports, Uganda
Namgi Park , Gwangju National University of Education, Republic of Korea
Val D. Rust , University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Suparno , State University of Malang, Indonesia
John C. Weidman , University of Pittsburgh, USA
Husam Zaman , Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
Yuto Kitamura , University of Tokyo, Japan
Institute for International Studies in Education
School of Education, University of Pittsburgh
5714 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
Center for International and Development Education
Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles
Box 951521, Moore Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Titles:
Higher Education in Asia/Pacific: Quality and the Public Good
Edited by Terance W. Bigalke and Deane E. Neubauer
Affirmative Action in China and the U.S.: A Dialogue on Inequality and Minority Education
Edited by Minglang Zhou and Ann Maxwell Hill
Critical Approaches to Comparative Education: Vertical Case Studies from Africa, Europe, the
Middle East, and the Americas
Edited by Frances Vavrus and Lesley Bartlett
Curriculum Studies in South Africa: Intellectual Histories & Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Higher Education, Policy, and the Global Competition Phenomenon
Edited by Laura M. Portnoi, Val D. Rust, and Sylvia S. Bagley
The Search for New Governance of Higher Education in Asia
Edited by Ka-Ho Mok
International Students and Global Mobility in Higher Education: National Trends and New
Directions
Edited by Rajika Bhandari and Peggy Blumenthal
Curriculum Studies in Brazil: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Access, Equity, and Capacity in Asia Pacific Higher Education
Edited by Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka
Policy Debates in Comparative, International, and Development Education
Edited by John N. Hawkins and W. James Jacob
Curriculum Studies in Mexico: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model: A Global Perspective for
the Global Economy
Edited by Stewart E. Sutin, Daniel Derrico, Rosalind Latiner Raby, and Edward J. Valeau
The Internationalization of East Asian Higher Education: Globalizations Impact
Edited by John D. Palmer, Amy Roberts, Young Ha Cho, and Gregory Ching
University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective
Edited by Hans G. Schuetze, William Bruneau, and Garnet Grosjean
Mobility and Migration in Asian Pacific Higher Education
Edited by Deane E. Neubauer and Kazuo Kuroda
Taiwan Education at the Crossroad: When Globalization Meets Localization
Edited by Chuing Prudence Chou and Gregory Ching
Higher Education Regionalization in Asia Pacific: Implications for Governance, Citizenship
and University Transformation
Edited by John N. Hawkins, Ka Ho Mok, and Deane E. Neubauer
Post-Secondary Education and Technology: A Global Perspective on Opportunities and Obstacles
to Development
Edited by Rebecca Clothey, Stacy Austin-Li, and John C. Weidman
Education and Global Cultural Dialogue: A Tribute to Ruth Hayhoe
Edited by Karen Mundy and Qiang Zha
The Quest for Entrepreneurial Universities in East Asia
By Ka Ho Mok
The Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East Asia: Asian Cultural Heritage, Western
Dominance, Economic Development, and Globalization
Edited by Deane Neubauer, Jung Cheol Shin, and John N. Hawkins
Leadership for Social Justice in Higher Education: The Legacy of the Ford Foundation
International Fellowships Program
Edited by Terance W. Bigalke and Mary S. Zurbuchen
Curriculum Studies in China: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
The Transnationally Partnered University: Insights from Research and Sustainable Development
Collaborations in Africa
By Peter H. Koehn and Milton O. Obamba
Curriculum Studies in India: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Private Universities in Latin America: Research and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy
Edited by Gustavo Gregorutti and Jorge Enrique Delgado
Research, Development, and Innovation in Asia Pacific Higher Education
Edited by John N. Hawkins and Ka Ho Mok
Technology and Workplace Skills for the Twenty-First Century: Asia Pacific Universities in the
Globalized Economy
Edited by Deane E. Neubauer and Kamila Ghazali
The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia: Issues of Quality and Equity
Edited by Yuto Kitamura, D. Brent Edwards Jr., Chhinh Sitha, and James H. Williams
The Political Economy of
Schooling in Cambodia
Issues of Quality and Equity
EDITED BY YUTO KITAMURA , D. BRENT
EDWARDS JR. , CHHINH SITHA , AND
JAMES H. WILLIAMS
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SCHOOLING IN CAMBODIA
Selection and editorial content © Yuto Kitamura, D. Brent Edwards Jr.,
Chhinh Sitha, and James H. Williams 2016
Individual chapters © their respective contributors 2016
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-45599-4
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this
publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written
permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs
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copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10
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Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
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First published 2016 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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ISBN 978-1-349-57740-8
E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–45600–7
DOI: 10.1057/9781137456007
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Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in
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Contents

Figures and Tables ix
Series Editors’ Introduction xi
Part 1 Intro
1 Introduction 3
Chhinh Sitha, D. Brent Edwards Jr., James H. Williams, and
Yuto Kitamura
Part 2 Context
2 The Backstory of Education in Cambodia 15
Takayo Ogisu and James H. Williams
3 Getting to the Decision-Making Table in Educational
Governance: The Emergence of Cambodian Civil Society
within the New Global Geometry of Power 35
D. Brent Edwards Jr. and William C. Brehm
Part 3 Schools
4 Pedagogy in Cambodian Schools: A Logic That
Governs Teaching and Learning 57
Takayo Ogisu
5 Policy Intention versus Policy Implementation:
Disparities in Equity and Diversity in Inclusive Education
in Cambodia 77
Makiko Hayashi and D. Brent Edwards Jr .
6 The Structures and Agents Enabling Educational Corruption
in Cambodia: Shadow Education and the Business of
Examinations 99
William C. Brehm
viii Contents
Part 4 Dropout
7 Does Students’ Gender Matter? Parents’ Educational
Expectations, Their Determinants, and Consequences in
Explaining Students’ Dropout in an Area in Cambodia 123
Th omas Zimmermann and James H. Williams
8 The Complexity of Continuation: A Narrative Perspective
on Student Transition and Dropout from Primary to Lower
Secondary School in Cambodia 143
D. Brent Edwards Jr., Th omas Zimmermann, Chhinh Sitha,
James H. Williams, and Yuto Kitamura
Part 5 Higher Education
9 Higher Education in Cambodia: Expansion and Quality
Improvement 167
James H. Williams, Yuto Kitamura, and C. Sopcheak Keng
10 Who Wants to Teach in Cambodia? 187
James H. Williams, Yuto Kitamura, Takayo Ogisu, and
Th omas Zimmermann
11 Quality of Education and Research in Cambodian Higher
Education Institutions 205
Yuto Kitamura, Naoki Umemiya, Yasushi Hirosato,
and Sam Sideth Dy
Part 6 Conclusion
12 The Way Forward for Education Reform in Cambodia 221
Chhinh Sitha
Contributor Biographies 235
Index 241
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Number of Students and Gross Enrollment Rate in Primary
Education 19
2.2 Number of Students and Gross Enrollment Rate in Lower
Secondary Education 20
2.3 Number of Students and Gross Enrollment Rate in Upper
Secondary Education 28
2.4 Number of Students and Gross Enrollment Rate in Higher
Education 29
3.1 The Morphogenetic Sequence 37
5.1 Equity Concepts and Indicators for Policy Developments 80
9.1 Number of Higher Education Institutions,
1979–2009, Cambodia 175
9.2 Tertiary Enrollment in Cambodia by Field of
Study, 2001–2008 178
12.1 Staffing Paradox 224
Tables
4.1 Six dimensions of Cambodian Child Friendly School 58
5.1 Pilot SABER Rubrics for Equity and Inclusion 82
7.1 Binary Logistic Regression of Parents Expectations for an
Upper Secondary School Degree or Higher on Social
Background, School Performance, and Significant Others
Influence 132
7.2 Binary Logistic Regression of Students’ Retention in the
School System on Parents Social Background, School
Performance, and Parents Expectations for an Upper
Secondary School Degree or Higher 134
x Figures and Tables
10.1 Numbers of Institutions and Types of Students Sampled 193
11.1 Higher Education Institutions Selected for Survey and
Numbers of Respondents 208
11.2 Hours Devoted to Professional Activities by University
Faculty During and Outside the Academic Term
(Weekly Average) 209
11.3 Correlation between FD Activities and Educational
Quality 213
12.1 Enrollment and Completion Rate by Cohort 223