The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism PDF
Preview The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism
The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran This page intentionally left blank The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran Pastoral Nationalism Farideh Koohi-Kamali DepartmentofSocialSciences,NewSchoolUniversity,NewYork QFaridehKoohi-Kamali2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-333-73169-7 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2003by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. MacmillanTisaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-40671-5 ISBN 978-0-230-53572-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230535725 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Koohi-Kamali,Farideh,1949– ThepoliticaldevelopmentoftheKurdsinIran:pastoralnationalism/ FaridehKoohi-Kamali. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Kurds–Iran–History–20thcentury.2.Kurds–Politicalactivity. 3.Kurdistan–Politicsandgovernment.I.Title DS269.K87K662003 955’.00491591–dc21 2003053648 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 To Robert & Feri This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofTables ix ListofMaps x Preface xi Maps xii Introduction 1 1 TheKurdsandKurdistan 24 Introduction 24 AbriefbackgroundtoKurdishnationalhistory 28 TheKurdsinIran 31 2 ThePoliticalEconomyofKurdishTribalism 44 Introduction 44 Kurdishtribesintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury 45 Whytribessettle 49 Sedentarization 50 Theeconomicimpact 53 SedentarizationinIranianKurdistan 55 Change 58 Differentiationandnewgroups 59 Continuity 62 Conclusion 65 3 NationalismorTribalism?Simko’sRevolt 66 Introduction 66 TribesandthestateinIran 67 Kurdishtribaldevelopmentuptothetwentiethcentury 69 Tribesandthenon-tribalpopulation 70 EmergenceofPan-Islamismandnationalismintheregion 71 Simko’srevolt 74 WhatwereSimko’smotivesandgoals? 82 Simko’slimitationsasanationalistleader 83 Conclusion 88 vii viii 4 TheKurdishRepublicinMahabad 89 Introduction 89 ThesituationinIranianKurdistanduringtheearly1940s 91 TheKurdishissueandtheGreatPowers 94 TheKurdishRepublic:thefactorswhichmadeita nationalmovement 97 Politicalpreparations 99 TheachievementsoftheRepublic 111 ThedownfalloftheRepublic 116 ThestoryoftheBarzanis 121 Conclusion 122 5 ThePoliticalEconomyofKurdishNationalism 126 Introduction 126 Transitiontoanationalcommunity 129 InequalitywithinKurdistan 142 InequalitybetweenKurdistanandIran 156 Conclusion 162 6 Kurdistanfromthe1946Republictothe1979 RevolutionandtheIslamicRepublic 165 Introduction 165 ThesituationinIranianKurdistanbetween1946and1979 168 Kurdishnationalismontheeveofthe1979revolution 171 Pastoralnationalismvis-a`-visKurdishcommunism: theKDPIandKomala 173 ThedemandsforKurdishautonomyandtheIslamic RepublicofIran 184 TheIran–Iraqwar 190 ThesituationoftheKDPIsincetheIran–Iraqwar 192 Conclusion 193 Conclusion 197 Epilogue:theSituationoftheKurdsinIranand NeighboringCountries,2002 210 Notes 221 Bibliography 237 Index 245 List of Tables 1.1 Population 27 2.1 HerdgrowthinwesternSudan,1974 54 2.2 VillagepopulationinKurdishtownsinIran,1851–1951 56 5.1 Agents’purchaseofpeasants’produce 130 5.2 Saleofpeasants’producebymethodofsale 130 5.3 Distributionofmigrationoflandlessand landholdingpeasants 132 5.4 Distributionoflandlesssandshareholdingpeasants 133 5.5 Birthplacesofheadsofhouseholdsandtheirfathers 135 5.6 Geographicmobilityofheadsofhouseholds 135 5.7 Occupationmobilityamongpeasanthouseholds 136 5.8 Occupationsofheadsoflandlesshouseholdswhose fatherswerefarmers 137 5.9 Urbanandruralpopulation,1955–93 138 5.10 Distributionoflandlesslaborers,bypreferredtype ofradioprogram 141 5.11 Distributionoflandholdingpeasantsbypreferred typeofradioprogram 141 5.12 LandownedbypeasantfamiliesaftertheLandReform 144 5.13 Distributionoftypesofpeasantfamiliesbysizeof landownership 146 5.14 Householdsizeinrelationtohouseholdincome 147 5.15 Distributionofheadsoflandlesshouseholdsand theirfathers,byoccupationalcategory 150 5.16 Distributionofheadsofpeasanthouseholds, byoccupation 152 5.17 Distributionofsampledruralhouseholdsbyannual expenditure,KurdistanandallIran 154 5.18 Distributionofsampledurbanhouseholdsbyannual expenditure,KurdistanandallIran 155 5.19 Rankingofprovincesbyaveragefoodshare,1983–84 159 5.20 Rankinganddistributionofilliterateurban population6yearsofageandoverbyprovince,1981–82 161 ix
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