The Plant Viruses: The Rod-Shaped Plant Viruses PDF
Preview The Plant Viruses: The Rod-Shaped Plant Viruses
The Plant Viruses Volume 2 THE ROD-SHAPED PLANT VIRUSES THE VIRUSES Series Editors HEINZ FRAENKEL-CONRAT, University of California Berkeley, California ROBERT R. WAGNER, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia THE VIRUSES: Catalogue, Characterization, and Classification Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat THE ADENOVIRUSES Edited by Harold S. Ginsberg THE HERPESVIRUSES, Volumes 1-3 • Edited by Bernard Roizman Volume 4 • Edited by Bernard Roizman and Carlos Lopez THE PAPOVAVIRIDAE Volume 1 • Edited by Norman P. Salzman THE PARVOVIRUSES Edited by Kenneth I. Berns THE PLANT VIRUSES Volume 1 • Edited by R. I. B. Francki Volume 2. Edited by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel and Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat THE REOVIRIDAE Edited by Wolfgang K. Joklik THE TOGAVIRIDAE AND FLA VIVIRIDAE Edited by Sondra Schlesinger and Milton J. Schlesinger The Plant Viruses Volume 2 THE ROD-SHAPED PLANT VIRUSES Edited by M. H. V. VAN REGENMORTEL Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Strasbourg, France and HEINZ FRAENKEL-CONRAT Department of Moleculo.r Biology and Virus Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Plant viruses. (Viruses) Contents: v. 2. The rod-shaped plant viruses/edited by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel and Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat. Bibliography: v. 2, p. Includes index. 1. Plant viruses. 2. Tobacco mosaic virus. I. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. II. Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz, 1910- III. Series. QR402.P57 1986 576'.6483 86-9517 ISBN 978-1-4684-7028-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-7026-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-7026-0 © 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors J. G. Atabekov, Department of Virology, Moscow State University, Mos cow 119899, USSR A. C. Bloomer, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England Alan A. Brunt, Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, Littlehampton, West Sussex BN17 6LP, England P. J. G. Butler, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England T. W. Carroll, Department of Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 R. G. Christie, Plant Virus Laboratory, Agronomy Department, Univer sity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 V. V. Dolja, Department of Virology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, USSR J. R. Edwardson, Plant Virus Laboratory, Agronomy Department, Uni versity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 H. Fraenkel-Conrat, Virus Laboratory and Depaitment of Molecular Bi ology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Adrian Gibbs, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian Na tional University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia G. V. Gooding, Jr., Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 B. D. Harrison, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland Yoshimi Okada, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan Peter Palukaitis, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ith aca, New York 14853 D. J. Robinson, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland v vi CONTRIBUTORS Satyabrata Sarkar, Institute of Plant Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 7000 Stuttgart 70, West Germany Eishiro Shikata, Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France Anupam Varma, Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian Ag ricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India Carl Wetter, Department of Botany, University of Saarland, D-6600 Saar briicken, West Germany Milton Zaitlin, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ith aca, New York 14853 F. W. Zettler, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gaines ville, Florida 32611 Preface This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups: the toba moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the tobraviruses (after to bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic virus), and the not yet officially rec ognized furoviruses (fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984). At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of virology. This pe culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews, 1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept, according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term species to biological species. According to them, a collection of similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ ual virus, i.e., it is a taxonomy entity separate from other individual viruses. However, instead of calling these elementary units of classifica tion: different virus species, these authors call them viruses, refusing to acknowledge the fact that there is a need for a word to signify that one is not referring to a viral object but to a taxonomic construct (an abstract concept as opposed to a collection of material objects). Some of the protagonists of this viewpoint (Milne, 1984) go as far as to deny that there is a difference between the existence of a concept and the existence of material objects, and they reject the view that clas sifications are conceptual constructions. It is not clear why the word species should be used only in the sense of biological species defined by gene pools and breeding barriers, and why a phenetic or morphological vii viii PREFACE definition of species, as practiced by numerical taxonomists, should not prove acceptable for classifying viruses. The material objects, i.e., the viruses discussed in the present vol ume, have been grouped according to the divisions embodied in the CMII AAB descriptions of plant viruses. In the past, most tobamoviruses such as ribgrass mosaic virus or cucumber virus 4 were considered strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). As new CMIIA AB descriptions of tobamoviruses are published and the corresponding taxonomic entity is given a name, it has become stan dard practice to consider that these names now stand for individual vi ruses and not for individual strains of TMV. According to standard tax onomic parlance, these individual viruses have thus become de facto species (Matthews, 1985). In addition to the species TMV, six other spe .;ies of tobamoviruses are discussed at length in the present volume (Chapters 9-14). Following standard taxonomic categories and terminol ogy, the tobamovirus group can be considered a genus made up of a ser ologically homogeneous cluster of related species. Similarly the furo-, tobra-, and hordeivirus groups can be taken to represent three separate plant virus genera. About a third of this volume is devoted to TMV, a deliberate choice in view of the importance of this virus for the development of virology. Although the common TMV strain is perhaps the best studied object in the whole of virology, the reader will discover that the boundaries of our knowledge concerning this virus are still being extended and that the end is not yet in sight. The open-ended nature of scientific knowledge is never more apparent than in the description of a subject that has been very extensively researched. M. H. V. Van Regenmortel H. Fraenkel-Conrat Strasbourg Berkeley REFERENCES Milne, R. G., 1984, The species problem in plant virology, Microbio1. Sci. 1:113-117. Matthews, R. E. F., 1982, Classification and nomenclature of viruses, fourth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses, Intervirology 17:1-199. Matthews, R. E. F., 1985, Viral taxonomy, Microbio1. Sci. 2:74-76. Murant, A. F., 1985, Taxonomy and nomenclature of viruses, Microbio1. Sci. 2:218-220. Shirako, Y., and Brakke, M. K., 1984, Two purified RNAs of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus are needed for infection, f. Gen. Viro1. 65:119-127. Contents I. Tobamoviruses Chapter 1 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The History of Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the Evolution of Molecular Biology ............................................... 5 H. Fraenkel-Conrat Chapter 2 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Structure and Self-Assembly r. A. C. Bloomer and P. G. Butler I. Introduction .......................................................................... 19 II. Structure ............................................................................... 20 A. Polymorphic Aggregates of Protein .................................. 21 B. Detailed Molecular Structures ......................................... 25 III. Self-Assembly ........................................................................ 34 A. Nucleation ....................................................................... 34 B. Elongation ....................................................................... 40 IV. Conclusions .......................................................................... 51 References ...................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Mutants and Strains Satyabrata Sarkar I. Introduction .......................................................................... 59 II. Isolation of Variants .............................................................. 60 ix
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