The Planetary Interest

316 Pages·1998·14.946 MB·English

by  Kennedy Graham

The planetary interest

The planetary interest:
A new concept for the global age
Kennedy Graham
(Editor)
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
© Kennedy Graham 1999
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission.
All rights reserved.
First published in 1999 by UCL Press
UCL Press Limited
1 Gunpowder Square
London EC4A 3DE
UK
The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark
used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available

ISBN 0-203-21409-9 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-27074-6 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN: 1-85728-892-0 HB
1-85728-893-9 PB
There are worlds on which life has never arisen.
There are worlds that have been charred and ruined by cosmic catastrophes.
We are fortunate we are alive; we are powerful;
the welfare of our civilization and our species is in our hands.
If we do not speak for Earth, who will?
Carl Sagan, Cosmos, 1980

Contents
List of tables and figures ix
Notes on authors xi
Acknowledgements xviii
Glossary xx
Foreword
Kofi A.Annan xxiii
Preface
Kennedy Graham xxv
Part 1 Introduction 1
1 The planetary interest
Kennedy Graham 3
2 Legitimacy in twenty-first century politics
Gwyn Prins 15
3 The legitimate national interest and legitimate global power
Kennedy Graham 21
Part 2 The vital planetary interest and the legitimate national interest 29
Section I Global strategic security 31
4 Nuclear disarmament 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 New Zealand
David Lange 48
4.3 The Russian Federation
Andrei Kozyrev 54
5 Chemical and biological disarmament 63
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Jordan
Toujan Faisal 67
5.3 Israel
Naomi Chazan 74
Section II Global environmental integrity 81
6 Ozone protection 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Argentina
Dante Caputo 92
6.3 Japan
Koji Kakizawa 99
viii Contents
7 Climate stabilization 105
7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 The Maldives
Ibrahim Hussain Zaki 115
7.3 China
Qian Yi 122
Section III Global sustainability 129
8 Population stabilization 139
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 India
Margaret Alva 144
8.3 Australia
Margaret Reynolds 151
9 Development 159
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 Bangladesh
Abdul Moyeen Khan 168
9.3 Kenya
Charity Kaluki Ngilu 176
10 Forest management 185
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Indonesia
Theo Sambuaga 189
10.3 Brazil
Fabio Feldmann 196
11 Consumption 203
11.1 Introduction 203
11.2 United States
Claudine Schneider 208
11.3 Sweden
Lena Klevenås 217
Part 3 The vital planetary interest and legitimate global power 227
12 Global powers: Earth’s planetary interest
Shridath Ramphal 229
13 Global and regional powers: Europe’s regional interest
Emma Bonino 241
14 Global and national powers: Britain’s national interest
Michael Marshall 247
15 Global and local powers: Rome’s municipal interest
Francesco Rutelli 257
Part 4 Conclusion 267
16 The planetary interest: thoughts for the future
Kennedy Graham 269
Bibliography 275
Index 282
List of tables and figures
TABLES
Table 4.3.1 Strategic forces reduction plans: United States 56
Table 5.1.1 Political commitment to eliminating weapons of mass
destruction in the Middle East 65
Table 5.3.1 Air-to-surface missile launching capabilities in the Middle East 76
Table 5.3.2 Surface-to-surface missile launching capabilities in the Middle East 76
Table II.1 Opinion survey on the environment: selected countries 84
Table 6.1.1 Phase-out regime of ozone-depleting substances 89
Table 6.1.2 Contributions to the ozone multilateral fund 89
Table 6.2.1 Argentina: consumption of ozone-depleting substances, 1986–92 94
Table 6.2.2 Argentina: phase-out regime, 1996–2006 95
Table 7.1.1 Greenhouse gases: anthropogenic emissions and concentrations 106
Table 7.1.2 Carbon dioxide: annual average anthropogenic carbon budget, 1980–89 106
Table 7.1.3 Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide 107
Table 7.1.4 GHG emission performance of the Climate Change Convention reporting
parties, 1990–2000 110
Table 7.1.5 Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning 111
Table 7.1.6 Kyoto Protocol: differentiated obligations for GHG reductions by 2012 111
Table 7.1.7 GHG anthropogenic emissions: major countries 111
Table 7.1.8 Negotiating proposals at UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto): proposals for co reductions 113
2
Table 7.3.1 Simulated changes in China’s climate with a doubling of co 122
2
Table 7.3.2 Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning (1995): selected countries 128
Table III.1 Earth’s land surface 131
Table III.2 Ecological footprint analysis: selected nations 133–4
Table III.3 Selected countries: basic lifestyle indicators 135
Table 8.1.1 Global population projection: 2000–2150 139
Table 8.1.2 Global population programme: estimated annual cost of implementation 141
Table 8.2.1 Population assistance (ODA) to India: 1985–94 149
Table 8.2.2 Population assistance (ODA) to India: 1995–6 149
Table 9.1.1 Estimated annual costs of basic human needs: 1993–2000 163
Table 9.1.2 ODA performance of DAC countries: selected years 165
Table 9.3.1 Kenya: official development assistance: 1984–96 181
Table 10.1.1 Forest coverage and roundwood production: 1980–89 185
Table 10.1.2 Sustainable forests: the annual global cost: 1993–2000 187
Table 11.1.1 Consumption and consumption-related levels: the North-South divide 205
Table 11.1.2 Consumption-adjusted population: selected countries, 1990 205
Table 11.1.3 Waste generated by the North: late 1980s 206
Table 15.1 City development index: ranking for 236 cities 259