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The Place of Artificial Reefs in the Lives of Small-scale Fishers in Terengganu, Malaysia PDF

408 Pages·2017·55.36 MB·English
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The Place of Artificial Reefs in the Lives of Small-scale Fishers in Terengganu, Malaysia Jarina Mohd Jani Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2011 i i Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis has been composed by me, that the work is my own, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Jarina Mohd Jani January 2012 iv Acknowledgements Sincere thanks go to my first supervisor, Elizabeth Olson. She has been unfailingly generous w ith time, ideas and moral support. I also thank my second supervisor, Genevieve Patenaud for her dedication and efficiency, and I acknowledge w ith grateful thanks David Howard who made critical contributions during the early stages of the research project. W ithout their guidance and motivation, this thesis would not materialise. I wish to also acknowledge the Malaysian Ministry of H igher Education which provided the financial funding to undertake this doctoral research. Also, this thesis would not have been possible w ithout the kind assistance of the Gong Batu and Rhu Sepuluh villagers who I met during my fieldwork. They were my research participants, teachers, mentors and friends. Memories of their generosity and warm th, together w ith kind words of encouragement from other friends and family, often provided me w ith much needed motivation to go on whenever my spirits were low. To Feeming, for everything, I am grateful. v vi Abstract Mainly deployed w ith the objective of enhancing fisheries resources, artificial reefs began to gain scientific attention in the 1970s. They continue to be a popular agenda in fisheries management, largely due to their potential in improving the lives of coastal communities. Current performance evaluations of artificial reefs, however, continue to focus more on reef effects on the biology and fishing gain of the area where they are deployed. This is despite repeated calls to expand the performance evaluation to include input from artificial reefs users. This thesis examines the dimensions of small-scale fisher- folks' relations w ith artificial reefs in Terengganu, Malaysia. Using the livelihood approach, the research focuses on non bio-economics data and explores the "currently ignored" domains of artificial reefs to examine the various components of small-scale fishers' livelihood-making. It reveals im portant insights of the social, cultural, economic, political and ecological changes that have been affected by artificial reef programmes from the perspectives of fishing communities. Based on the results of in-depth interviews carried out in Setiu, Terengganu, it is concluded that although artificial reefs are perceived to enhance local fisheries resources, small-scale fisher-folks' opportunity to benefit from them depends much on how artificial reefs fit into these fishers' fishing strategies, which are strongly related to their livelihood assets, particularly their social and human capitals. Furthermore, artificial reefs' impacts on Setiu small-scale fishers' livelihood are related to their effect on illegal commercial fishery in the area, where although their presence do deter traw l fishery, artificial reefs are paradoxically an ideal fishing site for purse seine fishery. By exploring these various human dimensions of artificial reefs, the thesis offers a broader perspective on the evaluation of this complex marine phenomenon. viii Contents Page Declaration........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................v Abstract...............................................................................................................................vii Figures................................................................................................................................xiv Tables......................................................................................................... xvi Chapter I A rtificial reefs and their developm ent in M alay s ia ............................1 Arfificial reefs: an in troduction ........................................................................... 3 Artificial reefs development in Malaysia: at a crossroad between tradition and m ode rn ity ......................................................................................................... 8 Unjang: an artificial reefs concept from a traditional Malaysian fishery perspective ...........................................................................................................9 Artificial reefs programmes in a new era of Malaysian fisheries: a solution for a depleting resou rce .................................................................. 17 Research questions and objectives.....................................................................31 Towards a better understanding of artificial reefs impacts on livelihoods of resource u s e rs .............................................................................. 36 Chapter II L ivelihood-based approach to artificialr eefs ev a lu a tio n 39 Livelihoods Approach: an in troduction ...........................................................40 SLF: m ind the gap between bio-economics andl ivelihoods........................47 Towards a broader artificial reefs evaluation p rac tice ............................47 Livelihood-based framework for researching artificial reefs perfo rm ance ....................................................................................................... 52 Research methods and location .....................................................................56 ix Page Case s tu d y ...........................................................................................................56 In terv iew s............................................................................................................67 Field and participant observation .................................................................71 An evaluation of artificial reefs w ith a difference............................................ 73 Chapter III Fishing strategies and the status of Setiu small scale fishery .. 75 Setiu small scale fishers: an in troduction ..........................................................75 Normal season fishery ..........................................................................................80 Line fish ing ...........................................................................................................83 Pukat Kaya fish ing ............................................................................................... 87 Bubu fish ing ..........................................................................................................91 Crab fish ing ..........................................................................................................97 Tamban fish ing .................................................................................................. 99 Seasonal F ishery .................................................................................................... 102 Prawn fish ing ................................................................................................... 104 Squid fish ing .....................................................................................................112 Illegal commercial fishing operations and artificial reefs in Setiu coastal z o n e ...........................................................................................................................119 Trawling activities in Setiu coastal z o n e ..................................................... 119 Artificial reefs as anti-trawling dev ices................................................. 123 Purse seine activities at Setiu artificial ree fs ............................................... 126 x

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