The physiology of vegetable crops

511 Pages·2020·10.762 MB·English

by  Stützel, Hartmut, Wien, Hans Christian

The Physiology of Vegetable Crops
2nd Edition

The Physiology of Vegetable Crops
Edited by
H. C. Wien
Formerly Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, 134A Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853–5908,
USA. Now 1294 Myrtle Ave., Annapolis, 21403 Maryland USA.
H. Stützel
Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover,
Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wien, Hans Christian, 1940- editor. | Stützel, Hartmut, 1954- editor.
Title: The physiology of vegetable crops / edited by H. C. Wien, Hartmut
Stützel.
Description: [2] | Boston, MA : CAB International, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. | Summary: “Completely updated and revised, this bestselling
book continues to explain the growth and developmental processes involved in the
formation of vegetables. Since the publication of the successful first edition significant
discoveries, particularly in the area of molecular biology, have deepened and broadened
our knowledge and understanding of these processes. This new edition brings the topic
up-to-date and is presented over two sections: the first provides general knowledge on
germination, transplanting, flowering, the effects of stress and modelling, whilst the
second section details the physiology of specific crops or crop groups. The second
edition of The Physiology of Vegetable Crops: · contains two new chapters looking at
stress effects on vegetable crops with a particular emphasis on climate change and
models of vegetable growth and development · is fully updated to reflect recent
discoveries and the advent of new production techniques such as growing in artificial
environments · provides enhanced understanding of the growth and function of more
than 21 vegetable crops · is heavily illustrated and published in full colour throughout
With contributions from renowned international experts, this is an essential resource
for horticultural researchers and extension educators and consultants, as well as a
reference for students and professors in vegetable production, plant breeding,
entomology and plant pathology”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019032698 (print) | LCCN 2019032699 (ebook) | ISBN
9781786393777 (hardback) | ISBN 9781786393791 (ebook) | ISBN
9781786393784 (epub)
ISBN-13: 9781786393777 (hardback)
9781786393791 (ePDF)
9781786393784 (ePub)
Commissioning Editor: Rebecca Stubbs
Editorial Assistant: Lauren Davies
Production Editor: James Bishop
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
1 Seed Storage, Germination, Quality, and Enhancements 1
A.G. Taylor
2 Transplanting 31
D.I. Leskovar
3 Regulation of Flowering in Crop Plants 61
P.A. Wigge and K.E. Jaeger
4 Abiotic Stress Effects on Vegetable Crops 71
H.C. Wien
5 Models of Vegetable Growth and Development 94
H. Stützel and T.-W. Chen
6 Correlative Growth in Vegetable Plants 117
H.C. Wien
7 Tomato 138
E. Heuvelink, R.C.O. Okello, M. Peet, J.J. Giovannoni and M. Dorais
8 Peppers 179
H. Yasuor and H.C. Wien
9 Potato 209
C.J. Rosen, S.K. Gupta and E.F.C. Souza
10 The Cucurbits 244
T.-W. Chen, H. Stützel and H.C. Wien
11 Phaseolus Beans 271
I.M. Rao
v
vi Contents
12 Peas 287
P.J. Davies and F.J. Muehlbauer
13 Sweet Corn 317
W.F. Tracy, S. Shuler and H. Dodson-Swenson
14 Lettuce 333
H.C. Wien
15A Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage, and Brussels Sprouts 357
H.C. Wien and H. Stützel
15B Glucosinolates in Brassica 389
S. Neugart, F.S. Hanschen, and M. Schreiner
16 The Root Vegetables: Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, and Turnip 399
I.L. Goldman
17 Allium Crops 421
H.D. Rabinowitch and R. Kamenetsky Goldstein
18 Asparagus 457
D.T. Drost
Index 481
Contributors
T.-W. Chen, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover,
Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
P.J. Davies, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, 14853, USA
H. Dodson-Swenson, Syngenta Seeds, 2280 Hecker Pass Hwy. Gilroy CA 95020, USA.
M. Dorais, Pav. Envirotron, Laval University, Québec (Qc) G1V 0A6, Canada
D.T. Drost, Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
84322–4820, USA
J.J. Giovannoni, Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
I.L. Goldman, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive,
Madison, WI 53706, USA
S.K. Gupta, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford
Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
F.S. Hanschen, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1,
D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
E. Heuvelink, Department of Plant Sciences, Subdivision Horticulture & Product Physiology,
Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
K.E. Jaeger, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg
1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany
R. Kamenetsky Goldstein, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.Box 6, Bet
Dagan 50250, Israel
D.I. Leskovar, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1619 Garner
Field Rd, Uvalde, Texas 78801, USA
F.J. Muehlbauer, USDA/ARS, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
S. Neugart, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1,
D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
R.C.O. Okello, Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062,
Kampala, Uganda.
M. Peet, USDA National Institute Food and Agriculture, 800 9th St SW Washington, DC 20024,
USA
H.D. Rabinowitch, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences
and Genetics in Agriculture, Rehovot 76100, Israel
I.M. Rao, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), A. A. 6713, Cali, Colombia
vii
viii Contributors
C.J. Rosen, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford
Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
M. Schreiner, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1,
D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
S. Shuler, Syngenta Seeds, 2369 330th Str., Slater, IA 50244, USA
E.F.C. Souza, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford
Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
H. Stützel, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser
Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
A.G. Taylor, School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Unit, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell
University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
W.F. Tracy, Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, 1575 Linden
Dr., Madison WI 53706, USA
H.C. Wien, Formerly Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University,
134A Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853–5908, USA. Now 1294 Myrtle Ave.,
Annapolis, Maryland 21403, USA
P.A. Wigge, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg
1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany
H. Yasuor, Department of Vegetable & Field Crops Research, Gilat Research Center, ARO, 85280, Israel
Preface
This book on the physiology of vegetable crops is focused on the activities and functions of veget-
ables, defined as herbaceous plants that are harvested for edible parts that can be consumed fresh or
with little preparation. Physiology deals with the growth and development processes of these plants,
and while this book is focused primarily on the organ and whole-plant level, brief mention of cellular
and genetic events is made for some crops.
Enhanced health consciousness, growing knowledge about the benefits of vegetable consumption,
and the desire for greater food diversity have resulted in increased vegetable consumption all over the
world and are important drivers of innovations in vegetable production and science. Furthermore,
the increase in world population has pointed out the need to increase production and consumption
of fruits and vegetables. A suggested annual increase of 8% in fruit and vegetable production world-
wide would require a major emphasis on vegetable research, exploring ways of augmenting yields
and expanding into new production areas.
In recent years, the study of physiology has deepened to include a focus on cellular and molecular
mechanisms, and revealing the role of genes in function and activity. Translating these findings to
the plant and crop level is a big challenge to the discipline of vegetable crop physiology, and will
require good communication links between laboratory and field scientists.
The initial chapters of the book cover processes common to most vegetables, such as the germin-
ation of seeds and the processes governing development of plants from small seeds, in preparation
for transplanting into their final growth environment. The rapid advances in understanding of
the induction of flowers among herbaceous plants is then summarized, followed by consideration
of the major abiotic stress factors facing vegetable plants. The development of models of crop growth
among vegetables has also made recent advances, and is contributing to our understanding of how
plants function. A chapter on the mechanisms by which growth of different plant parts is regulated
among vegetables is followed by a dozen chapters describing the physiology of 21 major vegetable
species. For each, the taxonomic location in the plant kingdom is described, followed by the crop’s life
course from seedling to harvest stage, and the role of environmental factors on plant ontogeny. Since
vegetables are grown for their harvested products, factors affecting product quality during growth
are also emphasized.
The fact that many parts of the world are becoming marginalized for crop production with the
advent of increased occurrence of higher temperatures and droughts has been frequently docu-
mented. While much research is under way to address these challenges among vegetable crops (see
Chapter 4), translating the results of genetic and cellular studies into effects in production situations
ix