The Physiology of Flowering Plants

404 Pages·2006·5.3 MB·English

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The Physiology of Flowering Plants
Fourth Edition
This latest edition of The Physiology of Flowering Plants has been completely
updatedtocovertheexplosionofinterestinplantbiology.Awhole-plant
approachhasbeenusedtoproduceanintegratedviewofplantfunction,
coveringboththefundamentalsofwholeplantphysiologyandthelatest
developmentsinmolecularbiology.Newdevelopmentsinmoleculartech-
niques are explained within practical applications such as genetically
modifiedplants.Thebookfurtherexamines:
* photosynthesis,respiration,plantgrowthanddevelopment;
* nutrition,waterrelations,photomorphogenesisandstressphysiology;
* function,withparticularattentiontoadaptationstodifferenthabitats.
Eachchapterisfullyreferencedwithsuggestionsforcomplementaryread-
ingincludingreferencestooriginalresearchpapers.
ThePhysiologyofFloweringPlantsisvaluabletobothundergraduateand
postgraduatestudentsstudyingplantbiology.
HELGIO¨PIK wasSenior Lecturer in theSchoolof Biological Sciences atthe
UniversityofWales,Swanseauntilherretirement.Throughouthercareer
she has taught plant physiology at all undergraduate levels, and since
retiringhaslecturedinplantphysiologyforadulteducation.Herresearch
interests haveincluded plantrespiration andultrastructure,alwaysaim-
ingatintegrationofstructureandphysiologicalfunction.
STEPHENROLFEwasawardedaEuropeanMolecularBiologyFellowship and
undertookpostdoctoralresearchonthephytochromeregulationofgene
expressionattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Hetookupapostat
the Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield in
1991. His research interests include the study of photosynthesis and pri-
mary plant metabolism, with a special interest in non-invasive imaging
techniques.

The Physiology of Flowering Plants
Fourth Edition
¨
Helgi Opik
FormerlySeniorLecturer,
SchoolofBiologicalSciences,
UniversityofWales,
Swansea
Stephen A. Rolfe
SeniorLecturer,
DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences,
UniversityofSheffield
AcademicConsultantEditor
Arthur J. Willis
EmeritusProfessor,
UniversityofSheffield
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© H . Ö p i k & S . R o l f e 2 0 0 5
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without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2005
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Contents
Preface page ix
Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1Appreciatingplants 1
1.2Whatkindofplantphysiology? 2
1.3Molecularbiologyandplantphysiology:theintegration
ofdisciplines 3
1.4Outlineofthetext 5
PartI Nutritionandtransport
Chapter2 Flow ofenergyandcarbonthroughtheplant:
photosynthesisandrespiration 9
2.1Introduction 9
2.2Energyflowandcarbonturnoverinthebiosphere 9
2.3Photosynthesis:lightabsorptionandutilization 12
2.4Thefixationofcarbondioxide 18
2.5Limitingfactorsforphotosynthesis 30
2.6Theefficiencyofenergyconversioninphotosynthesis 32
2.7Photosynthesisandtheincreaseinatmospheric
carbondioxide 36
2.8Respiration:theoxidativebreakdownoforganiccompounds 38
2.9Terminaloxidationandoxidativephosphorylation 46
2.10Anaerobicrespiration 49
2.11Respirationandplantactivity 53
Chapter3 Waterrelations 60
3.1Introduction 60
3.2Watermovementandenergy:theconceptof
waterpotential 61
3.3Waterpotentialsofplantcellsandtissues 61
3.4Waterrelationsofwholeplantsandorgans 68
3.5Thetransportofsolutesinthexylem 85
3.6Wateruptakeandloss:controlbyenvironmentaland
plantfactors 86
3.7Waterconservation:xerophytesandxeromorphiccharacters 95
Chapter4 Mineralnutrition 100
4.1Introduction 100
4.2Essentialelements 100
VI CONTENTS
4.3Ionuptakeandtransportintheplant 106
4.4Nitrogenassimilation,fixationandcycling 122
4.5Problemswithmineralelements:deficiency
andtoxicity 128
Chapter5 Translocationof organiccompounds 133
5.1Introduction 133
5.2Phloemasthechannelfororganictranslocation 133
5.3Therateanddirectionoftranslocation 139
5.4Phloemloadingandunloading 142
5.5Partitioningoftranslocatebetweensinks:integration
atthewhole-plantlevel 146
5.6Themechanismofphloemtranslocation 148
PartII Growthanddevelopment
Chapter6 Growthasaquantitativeprocess 161
6.1Introduction 161
6.2Themeasurementofplantgrowth 162
6.3Growth,developmentanddifferentiation 163
6.4Localizationofgrowthinspaceandtime 164
6.5Conditionsnecessaryforgrowth 165
6.6Growthrates 167
Chapter7 Plantgrowthhormones 177
7.1Introduction 177
7.2Plantgrowthhormones 178
7.3Detectionandquantificationofhormonesinplants 191
7.4Howdoplanthormonescauseresponses? 194
Chapter8 Cellgrowthanddifferentiation 205
8.1Introduction 205
8.2Meristemsandcelldivision 205
8.3Mitochondrialandplastiddivision 211
8.4Cellexpansion:mechanismandcontrol 213
8.5Celldifferentiation 218
Chapter9 Vegetativedevelopment 221
9.1Introduction 221
9.2Thestructureandactivityoftheshootapicalmeristem 221
9.3Organformation 225
9.4Secondarygrowth 227
9.5Developmentoftheleaf 228
9.6Thestructureandactivityoftherootapicalmeristem 239
CONTENTS VII
Chapter10 Photomorphogenesis 246
10.1Introduction 246
10.2Theswitchfrometiolatedtode-etiolatedgrowth 247
10.3Phytochromeandphotomorphogenesis 248
10.4UV-A/bluelightphotoreceptors(cryptochrome) 255
10.5Genescontrollingetiolatedgrowth 256
10.6Unravellingphotomorphogenesis 257
10.7Phytochromesignaltransduction 263
Chapter11 Reproductivedevelopment 270
11.1Introduction 270
11.2Juvenilityand‘ripenesstoflower’ 270
11.3Thecontroloffloweringbydaylengthand
temperature 271
11.4Plantsizeandflowering 277
11.5Theregulationoffloralinductionisa
multifactorialprocess 279
11.6Floraldevelopment 281
11.7Patterndevelopmentinflowers 287
11.8Theformationofpollen 291
11.9Theformationoftheembryosac 293
11.10Pollination 295
11.11Embryoformation 301
11.12Seedsandnutrition 303
11.13Fruitdevelopment 308
11.14Seeddormancy 310
11.15Germinationandtheresumptionofgrowth 315
Chapter12 Growthmovements 318
12.1Introduction 318
12.2Nasticresponses 318
12.3Tropisms 320
Chapter13 Resistancetostress 344
13.1Introduction 344
13.2Terminologyandconcepts 344
13.3Water-deficitstress 346
13.4Low-temperaturestress 354
13.5High-temperaturestress 362
13.6Relationshipsbetweendifferenttypesofstress
resistance:cross-tolerance 366
13.7Developmentofstress-resistantcropplants 368
VIII CONTENTS
Appendix 373
A.1Naminggenes,proteinsandmutations 373
A.2Unitsofmeasurement 373
A.3Prefixesforunits 375
Index 376