The Physics Student cannot afford to miss it - Delhi

120 Pages·2012·4.42 MB·English

Chief Advisor
Rashmi Krishnan, IAS
Director, SCERT
Guidance
Dr. Pratibha Sharma,
Joint Director, SCERT
Academic Co-ordinator and Editor
Dr.Rajesh Kumar, Principal, DIET Daryaganj
Sapna Yadav, Sr. Lecturer, SCERT
Contributors
Prof. B.K Sharma (Retd.) Professor, NCERT
Dr. R.P Sharma, Academic Consultant, CBSE
Pundrikaksh Kaundinya, Vice Principal, RPVV Kishangaj
Sher Singh, Principal, Navyug School, Lodhi Road
Davendra Kumar, Lecturer, RPVV, Yamuna Vihar
Girija Shankar, Lecturer, RPVV, Surajmal Vihar
R.Rangarajan , Lecturer, DTEA , Sr.Secondary School , Lodhi Road
Neelam Batra , Lecturer, D.C. Arya, Sr. Sec. School, Lodhi Colony
Chitra Goel, Retd Vice Principal
Dr.Rajesh Kumar, Principal, DIET Daryaganj
Sapna Yadav , Sr. Lecturer , SCERT
Publication Officer
Mr. Mukesh Yadav
Publication Team
Sh. Navin Kumar, Ms. Radha, Sh. Jai Baghwan
Published by : State Council of Educational Research & Training, New Delhi and printed at
Educational Stores, S-5, Bsr. Road Ind. Area, Ghaziabad (U.P.)
Preface
Physics is basic to the understanding of almost all the branches of science and technology. It is
interesting to note that the ideas and concepts of physics are behavioural science too.
The students may or may not continue to study physics beyond the higher secondary stage, but
we feel that they will find the thought process of physics useful in any other branch they may
like to pursuer, be it finance Administration, Social Science, Environment, Engineering, Technology,
Biology or Medicine.
Physics discovers new properties of particles and want to create a name for each one. Latest example
of physics is the innovation of God Practice (Higgs Boson). Higgs boson is a hypothetical elementary
practice, a boson, which is the quantum of the Higgs field. The filed and the particle provide a
testable hypothesis for the origin of mass in elementary particles. “God particle”—— that helps
to explain what gives all matter in the universe size and shape.
Physics is not a mugging subject, we can not simply study it by the book. We must attempt questions
from workbooks and do a lot of exercises. Only then we will be able to answer various types of
questions no matter how tough they may seem. Interest plays a vital role in scoring in this subject.
We must show keen interest in studying physics. Most people dislike the subject as it is far more
complicating then the other science subjects. Therefore, they make no effort to master the subject.
This book has some features which will help to service the contents in shorter time. After learning
content one can answer question for self lest. Some exercises are given with art & pedagogical
remark use of easily understandable language is taken care of suggestions to students from a teacher.
Finally it must be remembered that entire physics is based on observations & experiments without
which a theory does not get acceptance in to the domain of physics.
We are thankful to all those who conveyed these inputs.
We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students and
teachers at the email id [email protected] & can also post on www.scertdelhi.nic.in.
We wish our readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of physics.

Contents
S.No. Chapter Name Page No.
Preface (iii)
The Physics Student cannot afford to miss it (vii)
Physics Syllabus (xii)
1. Electrostatics 1-23
2. Current Electricity 24-37
3. Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism 38-61
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current 62-89
5. Electromagnetic Waves 90-96
6. Optics 97-129
7. Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter 130-136
8. Atom Nuclei 137-146
9. Electronic Devices 147-160
10. Communication Systems 161-168
Appendix 169-175
Safety Precautions for Students in Physics Laboratory
● Designing of all science laboratories according to necessary norms and standards.
● Two wide doors for unobstructed exits from the laboratory.
● Adequate number of fire extinguishers near science laboratories.
● Periodical checking of vulnerable points in the laboratories in relation to possibility of any
mishappening.
● Periodical checking of electrical fittings/ insulations for replacement and repairs.
● Timely and repeated instructions to students for careful handling of equipments in the laboratory.
● Display of do's and dont's in the laboratory at prominent places.
● Safe and secure storage of all Equipments
● Proper labelling and upkeep of Equipments
● Careful supervision of students while doing practical work.
● Advance precautionary arrangements to meet any emergency situations.
● Conduct of any additional experimental work only under supervision and with due advance permission.
● Availability of First Aid and basic medical facilities in the school.
● Proper location of the laboratories.
How to make the learning of the difficult topics easier?
Do's Und Dont's
1. Do not take the word difficult while teaching and you be positive yourself.
2. Do not place the topic on the board - After completing tell the students that this “what
it is”— For example topics like Potentiometer
3. Try to build the topic from the basics of the basic while teaching.
4. Do not draw the diagram on board before you start the topic – Do build the same as
the discussion continues.
5. Do not forget to place the arrow in circuits and Ray diagrams – A mistake which can
be easily absorbed by the student.
6. Do not postpone the topic for the end of the academic session
7. Give 2-3 revision by asking question's from such identified topics at the beginning of
the class on the subsequent days.
8. Try to test these identified topics in almost all the tests if possible after prior information
to the students.
9. Do try to create interest on such topics before it is actually discussed.
10. Try to adopt an interactive approach to deal with such topics.
11. Very important a point is to think new and good approaches that may fit your students
while dealing with such topics and popularize such method.
(vi)
The Physics Student cannot afford to miss it
1. Identify the chapters in which the weight-age is more.
2. Prepare those identified chapters having more weight-age with an eye to have a sure 5 mark question
and do writing practice also with proper figures. Do the super hit questions/topics like Cyclotron,
a.c.generator, Young's experiment, Gauss's theorem, Wheatstone's bridge, potentiometer etc.., many
times before the examination, so that you do not flop during the examination because of the tilted
nature of a question.
3. Instead of leaving the topics like E.M. Waves, Principles of Communication understand to express
all definitions, interpretation of figures, Advantages and disadvantages of various devices and Applications
etc.
4. Do all the worked examples and the graphs with their Interpretation (which you can easily understand)
in a line or two from NCERT and practice them before hand.
5. Go to the examination hall with a positive frame of mind - particularly on the Physics examination
day, at least half an hour before without any books and please do not discuss any question with anyone
in this period.
6. Start the answer script with the best known question and complete all the questions that you know
without cutting and overwriting.
7. In case you are not having good Interpretation skill, first do the best known five mark questions and
try to create a good impression in the minds of the paper checker.
8. When you approach the numerical question always understand the question, recall the known concept
of the question and never try to list the formula and substitute the values.
9. Present the paper neatly and legibly without cutting and leaving space for anything that you plan to
do later, since there will not be any time to do later. If you happen to cut, do it neatly such that
the cut and the un-cut portions are distinguishable. Thinking and formatting the answer before writing
will improve you on this front.
10. Never leave any question. Write something of what you know of the answer. Remember "What you
think is wrong may be the correct answer" many a times.
Derivations
Unit-1 (Electrostatics)
● Electrical / magnetic field at a point on the equatorial or axial line due to an electrical /magnetic
dipole
● Torque experienced by a dipole placed in a uniform electric / magnetic field.
● Determine the potential energy of dipole in a uniform electric field
● Relation between electric field and electric potential *
● Gauss's theorem and its applications
(vii)
● Equivalent capacitance when capacitors are connected in parallel / series
● Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
● Derive an expression for the capacity of a parallel plate capacitor with (a) dielectric slab of thickness
t < d (b) with conductor between the plates *
● Using a labeled diagram, explain the principle and working of Van de Graf f generator
Unit-2 (Current Electricity)
● Relation between resistivity and relaxation time
● Condition of balance in Wheatstone's bridge
● Explain the working and principle of a potentiometer. How can it be used to (a) compare emf of
cell (b) determine internal resistance of a cell *
Unit-3 (Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism)
● Magnetic field due to a straight conductor / coil carrying current
● Force experienced by (a) charge moving in electric field (b) current carrying conductor (c) torque
on coil in magnetic field.
● Ampere's circuital law and its application for determining magnetic field in solenoids and toroidal.*
● Force between two parallel wires carrying current *
● Describe the principle, construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer with a labeled diagram.*
● Explain with the help of a labeled diagram, the underlying principle, construction and working of
a cyclotron frequency and total K.E. *
Unit-4 (Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current)
● Write five differences between dia, Para and Ferro magnetic substances.*
● magnetic field at a point on the equatorial or axial line due to an electrical / magnetic dipole
Unit-5 (Electromagnetic Waves)
● Determination of (a) coefficient of self induction (b) mutual induction in solenoids *
● Energy stored in an (a) inductor (b) capacitor *
● Distinguish between resistance, reactance and impedance.
● Derive an expression for (a) current in LCR series circuit using phasor diagram and power or LCR
circuit *
● Explain with the help of a labeled diagram, the principle, construction and working of a transformer.
Why is it used for power transmission? *
● Explain with the help of labeled diagram, the principle, construction and working of an AC generator
* Explain Hertz's experiment for producing electromagnetic waves
Unit-6 (Optics)
● Deduce laws of refraction & reflection on me basis of Huygens's principle. *
● Interference by Young's double slit experiment, determination of fringe width and condition for maxima
and minima.*
(viii)
● Diffraction at a single slit - determination of fringe width of central max. *
● Diffraction at a single slit - determination of fringe width of central max. *
● Polarisation - Malu's law & Brewster's law *
● Mirror formula for concave and convex mirrors
● Define critical angle and write condition for total internal reflection. Obtain an expression for refractive
index in terms of critical angle
● Lens formula for convex and concave lenses
● Derive an expression for refraction at spherical surfaces.
● Deduce lens maker's formula for a biconvex lens *
● Obtain an expression for the refractive index of the material of a prism in terms of refracting angle
and angle of minimum deviation.
● Structure of eye and its defects and rectification
● Draw a labeled diagram and determine the magnification and resolving power of (a) simple microscope
(b) compound microscope (c) astronomical telescope and (d) reflecting type telescope *
● Explain dispersion and rainbow formation
Unit-7 (Dual Nature of Mather)
● State the laws of photoelectric effect. Establish Einstein's photoelectric relation *
● Explain Davison Germer experiment and show how it proved De Broglie's theory of matter waves.*
● Determination of wavelength associated with electron *
Unit-8 (Atom Nuclei)
● Short notes on α, β and Y decay
● State law of radioactive decay and obtain expression for N *
● Bohr's Postulate. Expression for radius, K.E, P.E, Total energy, energy spectrum with energy level
diagram. *
Unit-9 (Electronic Devices)
● Difference between (a) n and p type semiconductors (b) intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
● Draw the circuit to study the characteristics of p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. Sketch
the V × I graph for the same
● Explain the use of p-n junction diode as a rectifier. Draw the circuit diagram of (a) full wave rectifier
and (b) half wave rectifier. Draw input and output waveforms for them *
● Draw the circuit to study the output and input characteristics of a common emitter amplifier. Sketch
the V × I graph for the same. *
● With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a pnp / npn transistor as an amplifier in
common emitter mode *
● With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a pnp / npn transistor as a switch in common
emitter mode
● Discuss the working of a transistor as an oscillator. *
● Realization of AND, OR and NOT gates
(ix)
Unit-10 (Communication System)
● What is a communication system? Describe the constituents of a communication system
● Write short notes using block diagram on (a) ground waves (b) sky waves (c) space wave obtain
expression for range for LOG transmission (d) modulation index.*
● What do the following terms refer to in communication: transducer, base band, bandwidth, attenuation,
modulation, demodulation, noise, modulation index.
● What is modulation? Why is modulation required?
● What is demodulation? Draw a block diagram to show receiver and demodulation
● Draw block diagram for modulation process and determine the bandwidth for amplitude modulation
*very important
Important diagrams
● Van de Graft generator – neatly labeled.
● Moving coil galvanometer and cyclotron – neatly labeled
● Microscope – simple & compound
● Telescope – refracting & reflecting
● Ray diagram for lens maker's formula & Lens formula
● A.C.generator and transformer
● Photoelectric effect and bavison Germer experiment
● Amplifier (npn & pnp transistor), switch and Oscillator.
● Rectifier (full wave & half wave)
● Circuit diagram of potentiometer (comparing emf, internal resistance) and Meter Bridge for determining
resistance.
● Electrical field due to a point charge, charge on parallel plates Binding energy per nucleon × mass
no. (graph)
● Semi conductor–LED, Photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode, diode and their characteristics
● Schematic representation of (a) modulation (b) demodulation (c) wave propagation (d) global satellite
communication.
(x)