The Physics of Selenium and Tellurium: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Selenium and Tellurium, Königstein, Fed. Rep. of Germany, May 28–31, 1979 PDF
Preview The Physics of Selenium and Tellurium: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Selenium and Tellurium, Königstein, Fed. Rep. of Germany, May 28–31, 1979
13 Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences Edited by Hans-Joachim Queisser The Physics of Selenium and Tellurium Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Selenium and Tellurium Konigstein, Fed. Rep. of Germany, May 28-31, 1979 Editors: E. Gerlach and P. Grosse With 210 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1979 Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences Editors: M. Cardona P. Fulde H.-J. Queisser Volume 1 Principles of Magnetic Resonance 2nd Edition By C. P. Slichter Volume 2 Introduction to Solid-State Theory By O. Madelung Volume 3 Dynamical Scattering of X-Rays in Crystals By Z. G. Pinsker Volume 4 Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy Editor: T. Wolfram Volume 5 Fundamentals of Crystal Growth I. Macroscopic Equilibrium and Transport Concepts By F. Rosenberger Volume 6 Magnetic Flux Structures in Superconductors By R. P. Huebener Volume 7 Green's Functions in Quantum Physics By E. N. Economou Volume 8 Solitons and Condensed Matter Physics Editors: A. R. Bishop and T. Schneider Volume 9 Photoferroelectrics By V. M. Fridkin Volume 10 Phonon Dispersion Relations in Insulators By H. Bilz and W. Kress Volume 11 Electron Transport in Compound Semiconductors By B. R. Nag Volume 12 The Physics of Elementary Excitations By S. Nakajima Volume 13 The Physics of Selenium and Tellurium Editors: E. Gerlach and P. Grosse Volume 14 Magnetic Bubbles By A. H. Eschenfelder Volume 15 Modem CrystallograpbY I. Crystal Symmetry, Methods of Structural Crystallography By B. K Vainshtein Professor Dr. Eckard Gerlach Professor Dr. Peter Grosse I. Physikalisches Institut der Rheinisch-Westflil.ischen Technischen Hochschule, D-5100 Aachen, Fed. Rep. of Germany Series Editors: Professor Dr. Manuel Cardona Professor Dr. Peter Fulde Professor Dr. Hans-Joachim Queisser Max-Planck-Institut fUr Festkorperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1 D-7000 Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany The Conference was supported by AEG, Frankfurt am Main, Fed. Rep. of Germany Selenium Tellurium Development Association, Darien, Conn., USA United States Army, European Research Office, London, Great Britain Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Fed. Rep. of Germany Hochschule, Aachen, Fed. Rep. of Germany ISBN-13: 978-3-642-81400-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-81398-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-81398-6 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1979 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1979 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Offset printing: Beltz Offsetdruck, 6944 Hemsbach. Bookbinding: J. Schaffer oHG, Griinstadt. 2153/3130-543210 Preface Conferences on the Physics of Selenium and Tellurium were held in 1964 in London, 1967 in Montreal, and eight years ago, 1971, in Pont-a-Mousson. The last conference was noteworthy because of two facts: For crystalline Te and Se a high level of results was achieved and, further, it was possible to outline the focal points for continuing research work. These points were mainly to explore. the electronic structure of trigonal Se and Te and of the hypothetic~l cubic limit of these materials. To im plement such study, progress in band structure calculations was necessary. In addition, a consistent analytical description of the bands near the va lence band conduction band gap was required with the aim to understand the semiconducting properties, mainly magnetotransport and magnetooptical ef fects of band electrons and of impurities. Further questions concerned the influence of defects, such as dislocations, on transport properties and, finally, a concluding description of lattice dynamics of trigonal Se and Te, based on theoretical and experimental work, such as neutron diffraction and optical measurements. Besides the listing of this future research program it became obvious that more detailed work on the amorphous state of solids and liquids was necessary in order to improve our knowledge about their crystalline proper ties, growing conditions. and all problems of chemical bonds. One year ago, when after stimulating discussions with C. Champness and J. Stuke we looked for the interest in a new Se-Te-conference, we found out that the Se-Te-scientists had really been very conscientious; they had done their homework. t~any of the probl ems from the Pont-a-Mousson-time were solved now, and in most cases, particularly for trigonal Se and Te, in a definitive way. This can be seen from some of the invited papers of our present conference. Especially remarkable results appear to us to be the new, unexpected concept of metallic high-pressure phases of Se and Te, the evidence of indirect transitions in Se by highly resolved luminescence measurements, the possibility of an identification of acceptorlike impurities in Te by magnetotransport measurements, and the quantitative explanation of the optical activity of Te by means of the electronic transitions near the band gap. In addition, convincing arguments are presented for the validity of some models describing the crystalline state of Se and Te based on measurements under high pressure. When we compare, however, the program of with the one of Pont-a-~lousson Konigstein we find more contributed and invited papers discussing the amor phous, glassy, and liquid state of Se and Te and some ideas concerning lo calized states. The most surprising result is the fact that, contrary to earlier assumptions, the Se-rings seem to be absent in the amorphous state. Currently, industrial usage tends more to the amorphous materials. Therefore, the conference organizers chose an emblem symbolizing the surroundings of an Se or Te atom, which is characterized by the bonding mechanism. The know- v ledge about the order far away from this considered atom is lost, contrary to the study of the electronic band structure and the phonon dispersion curves, e.g., which are governed by the translational symmetry of the ideal crystal. Fortunately, a number of physicists representing Se and Te production and applications industries participated fruitfully in the conference. They have helped to bridge the gap between fundamental physics and engineering, which is at present often very wide. Most of their contributions concerned electrophotography. The high level of our present knowledge about the fundamental properties of trigonal Se and Te on one side and the iridescent, chemical manifold of the chalcogenides, on the other - we think - will next lead to a conference dedicated to crystals and glasses of chalcogenic compounds. These materials are of great import and interest to pure and applied solid-state physicists and to engineers. We thank Dr. S. Carape 11 a, Prof. C. Champness, and Prof. J. Stuke very much for their lnltlal activities in planning our We thank our ~onference. sponsors and the Rektor of the Rheinisch-Westfalische-Technische Hochschule, Aachen, for their support; and last but not least all the co-workers at our institute in Aachen for their continuing assistance, especially Mr. G. r·1Utzenich, who carefully read all the manuscripts of these proceedings. Aachen, August 1979 E. GerZach P. Grosse VI Contents Part I. Bands and Bonds in Se and Te The Electronic Structure of Crystalline Phases of Se and Te By J.D. Joannopoulos (With 17 Figures) •.. .......................... 2 Charge and Density, and Compton Profile of Se and Te ~1omentum By P. Krusius (With 8 Figures) ..................................... 12 Self-consistent Ground State of Trigonal Tellurium By J.v. Boehm, H. Isomaki, P. Krusius, and T. Stubb (With 6 Figures) ................................................... 20 W5ssbauer Study of Tellurium at High Pressure By U. Ladewig, K. Frank, G. Kaindl, and B. Perscheid (With 2 Figures) ................................................... 23 Electronic Structure of Trigonal and Amorphous Se and Te and the Non Empirical Calculation of Structural Properties. By D.W. Bullet (With 2 Figures) ................................................... 27 Dielectric Matrix Calculations in Helical Chain Semiconductors By F. Nizzol i (With 1 Figure) ...................................... 31 Part I I . Lattice Dynamics of Trigonal Se and Te Homology of Phonons in Se and Te By W. Richter (With 7 Figures) 36 Lattice Dynamics of Trigonal Selenium and Tellurium - State of the Art. By H. Wendel (With 3 Figures) ................................. 47 Phonon Dispersion Calculations for Trigonal Selenium. By F. Y. Hansen and H.L. McMurry (With 2 Figures) .................................. 60 Comparison of the Phonon Density of States of Trigonal, Vitreous, and Red Amorphous Selenium. By F. Gompf (With 5 Figures) ............... 64 Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Trigonal and Vitreous Selenium in the Temperature Range 3-300 K. By M. MeiSner and D. Wobig (With 2 Figures) .......................................... 68 VII Low Temperature Specific Heat and Elastic Constants of Trigonal Selenium. By 11. MeiBner and J. Mimkes (With 1 Figure) .............. 74 Surface Lattice Dynamics of Trigonal Se and Te: I·lean Square Displace- ment Spectra in the Long-Wavelength Limit. By F. Nizzoli, G. Santoro, and V. Bortolani (With 3 Figures) .....•................ 81 Part III. Bandstr>ucture in the Neighbourhood of the Gap of TrigonaZ Se and Te Optical Activity, De Haas-Van Alphen-Oscillations and Conduction Band Parameters of Tellurium. By M. Lutz (With 8 Figures) .......... 86 Optical Properties of Tellurium Under High Pressure By Yu.V. Kosichkin (With 10 Figures) .......•............ ........... 96 Electron Cyclotron Resonance in Te at Very High Magnetic Fields By N. f1iura, G. Kido, and S. Chikazumi (With 2 Figures) ............ 110 Pressure Influence on the Intervalence Band Absorption in Te By M. Eremets, Yu. Kosichkin, and A. Shirokov (I·lith 2 Figures) 113 "Circular" Photogalvanic Effect in Optically Active Crystals By V.M. Asnin, A.A. Bakun, A.~l. Danishevskii, LL. Ivchenko, G.E. Pikus, and A.A. Rogachev (With 3 Figures) ..................... 116 Submillimeter Cyclotron Resonance in UniaXially Stressed Tellurium By U. Steigenberger, M.v. Ortenberg, and E. Bangert (With 1 Figure) 119 Identification of the Indirect Transition in Trigonal Selenium By B. Moreth (With 2 Figures) ...................................... 122 Part IV. Imperfections and Impurities in Te Dislocations in Te-Influence on Galvanomagnetic Properties By J.C. Doukhan and J.L. Farvacque (With 9 Figures) ................ 126 Pressure Effect on the Impurity State and Impurity Conduction in Tellurium. By T. Tani and S. Tanaka (With 6 Figures) ............... 142 Second Harmonic Generation and Propagation of CO2 Laser Radiation in Strained and Unstrained Tellurium Crystals. By K. Pfundtner and H.G. Hafele (With 2 Figures) ....................................... 153 Impurity Spectroscopy on Tellurium. By K.v. Klitzing (With 5 Figures) 157 Part V. Transport Phenomena in TrigonaZ Se and Te Two Types of Carriers in Tellurium. By M.V. Glushkov, E.S. Itskevich. Yu.V. Kosichkin, A.N. Tolmachev, and A.~l. Shirokov (With 4 Figures) 164 VIII Acoustoelectric Current Saturation on Trigonal Se and Se~Te1_x Single Crystals. By J.R. Niklas and J. Stuke (With 6 Figures) ............. 168 Magnetoresistance of Trigonal Selenium. By K. Yamada, J. Heleskivi, N. t1aenpaa, and T. Stubb (With 5 Figures) ....•.....•............... 171 Low-Frequency Coupled Photocurrent and Temperature Oscillation in Polycrystalline Selenium Samples. By J. Kispeter, B. Karvaly, and P. Sviszt (With 6 Figures) .....•................................... 174 Part VI. The Amorphous, Glassy, and Liquid State Selenium, the Amorphous and Liquid States By G. Lucovsky (Hith 10 Figures) ................................... 178 Localized Electronic States in Glassy Se By S.G. Bishop, U. Strom, and P.C. Taylor (With 6 Figures) 193 Bonding Coordination Defects in Selenium By D. Vanderbilt and J.D. Joannopoulos (With 3 Figures) ............ 203 Raman Spectral Studies on the Crystallization Processes of Amorphous and Liquid States in Se and Te By M. Yashiro and Y. Nishina (With 3 Figures) ............•......... 206 Part VII. Photoelectric and TY'anspoY't Phenomena in Amorphous Systems Photoelectronic Behavior of a-Se and some a-Se:As Alloys in Their Glass Transition Regions. By M.A. Abkowitz (With 4 Figures) .............. 210 Localized States in the Gap of Amorphous Selenium. By C. Vautier, D. Carles, and C. Viger (With 4 Figures) ..... '" ................... 219 Influence of Wavelength on the Optical Quenching of Photoconductivity in Amorphous Selenium Films By C. Vautier and C. Viger (With 4 Figures) ........................ 222 Electronic Transport Properties and Equation of State of Selenium at Temperatures up to 1900 K and Pressures up to 1800 bars By R. Fischer and R.W. Schmutzler (With 2 Figures) ................. 225 Part VIII. crystalline and Amorphous AS2~3 Chemical Bonds and Electronic States in Monoclinic As2Se3 By G. (With 9 Figures) ...................................... 230 ~leiser Transient Electrical Transport in a-As2Se3' a-Se, a-Si, and a-Si02 By K.L. Ngai ....................................................... 242 IX Part IX. Preparation and AppZieation Fabrication and Characteristics of Te-Se-Cd Structures By C.H. Champness (With 13 Figures) ................................ 246 The Application of Selenium and Its Alloys to Xerography. By S.B. Berger, R.C. Enck, r1.E. Scharfe, and B.E. Springett (With 6 Figures) .........................•......................... 256 Growth of Tellurium and Selenium-Tellurium Crystals by the Czochralski Method By 1. Shih and C.H. Champness (With 2 Figures) ..................... 267 Photo-Crystallization of Amorphous Se1-xTex Films. By ~1. Okuda, T. Matsushita, and A. Suzuki (With 5 Figures) ...................... 270 Time Evolution of Photovoltaic Effect at Tellurium-Metal Thin Film Contacts. By C. Oancea, P. Cristea, E. Zamfir, and M. Popa-Milea (With 3 Figures) ..................................... 273 On Stress-Relief Appearance Conditions in Te-Ag and Te-Bi Thin Film Systems. By M. Popa-Milea, C. Oancea, V. Badescu, E. Zamfir, and P. Cristea (With 6 Figures) ........................................ 276 Index of Contributors •....•.•..••....•••...........•.....•...•........ 281 x
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