The Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials held at the General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Michigan, on October 4–6, 1970 PDF
Preview The Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials held at the General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Michigan, on October 4–6, 1970
THE PHYSICS OF OPTO-ElECTRONIC mATERIALS THE PHYSICS OF OPTO-ElECTRONIC mATERIALS Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials held at the General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Michigan, on October 4-6, 7970 Edited by Wolter A. Albers, Jr. General Motors Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan ~ PLENUM PRESS' NEW YORK-LONDON • 1971 Library of Congress Cotalog Card Number 73-173832 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1949-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1947-4 DOl: 10.1007.978-1-4684-1947-4 © 1971 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N_ Y. 10011 Solkover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1971 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE, London, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher v PREFACE The papers in this volume represent most of the contributions to the Symposium on the Physics of Opto-Electronic Materials held at the General Motors Research Lab oratories in Warren, Michigan, on October 4, 5 and 6, 1970. The purpose of this Symposium was to examine the current status of knowledge related to the controlled alteration of the optical properties of solids through exter nally-applied agencies, with the aim of assessing possible future directions of scientific effort to achieve efficient, practical control of light. Since the advent of the laser, the scientific community has been motivated to explore, with a renewed vigor, methods of modulating light, and in the last decade several applications of the electrooptic effect in single crystal solids have been real ized. During this same period of time the list of recognized optical modulation ef fects in solids (exclusive of the ordinary electrooptic effects) has grown rapidly, and recently dramatic demonstrations of light modulation by liquid crystal and ferro electric ceramic materials have captured the attention of the scientific community. Unlike the single-crystal electrooptic effects which are quite suitable for modulation of coherent laser light, these latter materials promise relatively inexpensive approaches to the modulation of light from ordinary incoherent light sources. It was these new vistas of light modulation - and how they fit into our current understanding of the optical properties of solids - that the symposium addressed. The papers appear in this volume in the same order that they were presented at the symposium. The first four were chosen to provide a fundamental theoretical and experimental framework of the optical properties of solids as they relate to light modulation, with an effort to include the most recent developments in our theoretical understanding. Subsequent papers are devoted to explicit light modulation ap- \ proaches, each of which provides both a description of the underlying physics and experimental evaluations of the particular approach under consideration. I believe that this represents the first volume that provides the reader with a wide range of op tical modulation physics under a single cover, and as such constitutes a potentially valuable reference source for workers in the field. vi PREFACE This symposium was the fourteenth in an annual series initiated in 1957 by the then vice president in charge of the General Motors Research Laboratories, Dr. L. R. Hafstad. The symposia have as their objective promotion of the interchange of knowledge between specialists from many allied disciplines in a rapidly developing or changing area of science or technology. Attendees characteristically represent the academic, government, and industrial institutions that are noted for their ongoing activities in the particular area of interest. I am indebted to many people for their help in the planning, executing, and hosting of the symposium, as well as in the preparation of this volume. A special note of thanks goes to an advisory group consisting of Professors N. Bloembergen (Harvard), E. Burstein (Pennsylvania), M. L. Cohen (California), and P. Handler (Illinois), who were instrumental in organizing the program as well as actively participating either as speakers or as Session Chairmen; to all of the authors whose efforts are, after all, the sum and substance of the symposium; to Professor G. Pratt of MIT and Professor M. Balkanski of the University of Paris for their continuing valuable advise throughout the planning stages and their roles as Session Chairmen; and to the numerous other individuals with whom I consulted from time to time in evolving the symposium program. Of my many colleagues at the General Motors Research Laboratories who have been of assistance, I should like to especially thank R. L. Scott for providing an excellent environment for the symposium, and R. Thomson, J. Caplan, N. Muench, and F. Jamerson for their interest and encourage ment. I extend my deepest gratitude to Mrs. E. Levinge and Miss J. Filinger for secretarial assistance and manuscript typing respectively. And finally, I want to ex tend my very special thanks to Dr. Robert Herman of the GM Research Laboratories for a most excellent talk, after the symposium banquet, which contributed substan tially to the overall enjoyment of the symposium. Walter A. Albers, Jr. January 1971 vii ATTENDANCE LIST (* Denotes Session Chairman) D. Adler S. E. Beacom Massachusetts Institute of Technology GM Research Laboratories Cambridge, Massachusetts Warren, Michigan P. D. Agarwal M. Berg GM Research Laboratories AC Spark Plug Division Warren, Michigan General Motors Corporation Flint, Michigan W. G. Agnew GM Research Laboratories C. E. Bleil Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan W. A. Albers, Jr.* GM Research Laboratories N. Bloembergen* Warren, Michigan Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts P. J. Alluzo Chevrolet Motor Division M. H. Brooks General Motors Corporation GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan Warren, Michigan F. J. Arlinghaus G.Burns GM Research Laboratories mM Watson Research Center Warren, Michigan Yorktown Heights, New York D. E. Aspnes E. Burstein Bell Telephone Laboratories University of Pennsylvania Murray Hill, New Jersey Philadelphia, Pennsylvania M. Balkanski* A. V. Butterworth University of Paris GM Research Laboratories Paris, France Warren, Michigan R. H. Bartel L. R. Buzan Terex Division GM Research Laboratories General Motors Corporation Warren, Michigan Hudson, Ohio J. D. Caplan H. B. Bebb GM Research Laboratories Texas Instruments Corporation Warren, Michigan Dallas, Texas viii ATTENDANCE LIST M. Cardona J. O. Dimmock Brown University Lincoln Laboratories Providence, Rhode Island Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington, Massachusetts J. A. Carol AC Spark Plug Division R. W. Dixon General Motors Corporation Bell Telephone Laboratories Flint, Michigan Murray Hill, New Jersey M. C. Chen T. Downs GM Research Laboratories Delco Moraine Division Warren, Michigan General Motors Corporation Dayton, Ohio M. L. Cohen* J. University of California Ducuin~ Berkeley, California Institut d Optique Orsay, France J. M. Colucci GM Research Laboratories D. S. Eddy Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan W. D. Compton Ford Scientific Laboratories G. Fan Dearborn, Michigan IBM Research Laboratory San Jose, California W. Cornelius GM Research Laboratories J. E. Fischer Warren, Michigan Michelson Laboratory China Lake, California L. E. Cross Pennsylvania State University P. Franken University Park, Pennsylvania University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan W. A. Daniel GM Research Laboratories D. B. Fraser Warren, Michigan Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey R. Davies GM Research Laboratories A. Frova Warren, Michigan University of Rome Rome, Italy P. J. Dean Bell Telephone Laboratories D. L. Fry Murray Hill, New Jersey GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan M. Di Domenico, Jr. Bell Telephone Laboratories A. D. Gara Murray Hill, New Jersey GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan ix ATTENDANCE LIST z. G. Gardlund R. N. Hollyer GM Research Laboratories GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan Warren, Michigan J. G. Gay J. C. Holzwarth GM Research Laboratories GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan Warren, Michigan R. W. Gibson, Jr. J. J. Hopfield GM Research Laboratories Princeton University Warren, Michigan Princeton, New Jersey J. A. Giordmaine S. Iwasa Bell Telephone Laboratories Energy Conversion Devices Murray Hill, New Jersey Troy, Michigan W. L. Grube F. E. Jamerson GM Research Laboratories GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan Warren, Michigan P. Handler* W. J. Johnston University of Illinois AC Spark Plug Division Urbana, Illinois General Motors Corporation Flint, Michigan J. L. Hartman GM Research Laboratories T. Jones Warren, Michigan Engineering Staff General Motors Corporation D. J. Henry Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan I. P. Kaminov Bell Telephone Laboratories R. Herman Holmdel, New Jersey GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan M. Kaplit GM Research Laboratories R. Hickling Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan J. C. Kent GM Research Laboratories J. W. Hile Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan L. T. Klauder, Jr. GM Research Laboratories I. Hodes Warren, Michigan Manufacturing Development General Motors Corporation D. A. Kleinman Warren, Michigan Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey x ATTENDANCE LIST S. K. Kurtz M. E. Mack Philips Laboratories United Aircraft Research Laboratories Briarcliff Manor, New York East Hartford, Connecticut W. E. Lamb C. E. Manning Yale University Packard Electric Division New Haven, Connecticut General Motors Corporation Warren, Ohio C.E. Land Sandia Corporation R. J. McDonald Albuquerque, New Mexico GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan D. Langer Aerospace Research Laboratories J. C. McElhany Dayton, Ohio GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan R. Landauer IBM Watson Research Center M. E. Meyers, Jr. Yorktown Heights, New York GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan J. Lastovka Bell Telephone Laboratories E. J. Miller Murray Hill, New Jersey GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan M. Lax Bell Telephone Laboratories K. T. Milne Murray Hill, New Jersey Chevrolet Motor Division General Motors Corporation R. W. Lee Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey J. H. Moran Buick Motor Division L. L. Lewis General Motors Corporation GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan Warren, Michigan N. L. Muench T. N. Louckes GM Research Laboratories Oldsmobile Division Warren, Michigan General Motors Corporation Lansing, Michigan W. Oakley Delco Moraine Division G. Lucovsky General Motors Corporation Xerox Corporation Dayton, Ohio Palo Alto, California C. K. N. Patel B. A. Maciver Bell Telephone Laboratories GM Research Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey Warren, Michigan ATTENDANCE LIST xi R. W. Perkins T. P. Schreiber Oldsmobile Division GM Research Laboratories General Motors Corporation Warren, Michigan Lansing, Michigan R. L. Scott P. S. Pershan GM Research Laboratories Harvard University Warren, Michigan Cambridge, Massachusetts B. Segall A. Pinczuk Case Western Reserve University University of Pennsylvania Cleveland, Ohio Philadelphia, Pennsylvania B. O. Seraphin F. H. Pollak University of Arizona Brown University Tucson, Arizona Providence, Rhode Island D. Schenk G. W. Pratt, Jr.* Delco Moraine Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Motors Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts Dayton, Ohio C. F. Quate Y. R. Shen Stanford University University of California Palo Alto, California Berkeley, California R. A. Reynolds G. R. Smith Texas Instruments Corporation Engineering Staff Dallas, Texas General Motors Corporation Warren, Michigan J. F. Rhodes GM Research Laboratories G. W. Smith Warren, Michigan GM Research Laboratories Warren, Michigan S. Robbins Fisher Body Division W. V. Smith General Motors Corporation IBM Corporation Warren, Michigan Zurich, Switzerland D. M. Roessler B. B. Snavely GM Research Laboratories Eastman Kodak Company Warren, Michigan Rochester, New York R. L. Saur R. A. Soref GM Research Laboratories Sperry Rand Research Center Warren, Michigan Sudbury, Massachusetts M. Schaeffer Stadler, H. L. Fisher Body Division Ford Scientific Laboratories General Motors Corporation Dearborn, Michigan Warren, Michigan
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