The physics of neutrinos

239 Pages·2012·13.239 MB·English

by  Vernon Barger, Danny Marfatia, Kerry Whisnant

THE PHYSICS OF
Neutrinos
This page intentionally left blank
THE PHYSICS OF
Neutrinos
(cid:1)
Vernon Barger
Danny Marfatia
Kerry Whisnant
•
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD
Copyright(cid:1)c 2012byPrincetonUniversityPress
PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540
IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,
OxfordshireOX201TW
AllRightsReserved
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Barger,V.(Vernon),1938–
Thephysicsofneutrinos/VernonBarger,DannyMarfatia,KerryWhisnant.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-691-12853-5(hardcover:alk.paper)1. Neutrinos. I. Marfatia,Danny,
1972– II. Whisnant,KerryLewis. III. Title.
QC793.5.N42B37 2012
539.7(cid:1)215–dc23
2012007537
BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable
ThisbookhasbeencomposedinSabonLTStd
∞
Printedonacid-freepaper.
press.princeton.edu
TypesetbySRNovaPvtLtd,Bangalore,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our families
(cid:1)
This page intentionally left blank
- Contents -
Preface xi
1
Introduction
1
2
Neutrino Basics
11
2.1 DiracandMajoranaNeutrinos 11
2.2 NeutrinoCounting 12
2.3 NeutrinosfromWeakDecays 14
2.4 NeutrinoCrossSections 16
2.5 NeutrinoDetectors 24
2.6 NeutrinoBeams 28
3
Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations
33
3.1 VacuumOscillations 33
3.2 MatterEffectsonOscillations 36
3.3 SolarNeutrinoOscillations 38
3.4 Long-baselineOscillationsthroughtheEarth 41
3.5 MatterEffectsforSterileNeutrinos 42
3.6 Decoherence 43
4
Solar Neutrinos
45
4.1 OriginofSolarNeutrinos 45
4.2 SolarNeutrinoExperiments 46
4.3 KamLAND 49
4.4 Solar/ReactorNeutrinoParameters 49
4.5 Flux-independentTests 53
4.6 FutureExperiments 56
4.7 Geoneutrinos 57
5
Atmospheric Neutrinos
59
5.1 AtmosphericNeutrinoExperiments 59
5.2 MatterEffectsforAtmosphericNeutrinos 63
5.3 Long-baselineNeutrinoExperiments 64
6
Global Three-neutrino Fits
68
viii • CONTENTS
7
Absolute Neutrino Mass
71
7.1 BetaDecay 71
7.2 CosmologicalLimits 72
7.3 NeutrinolessDouble-betaDecay 73
8
Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillations
76
8.1 ConventionalNeutrinoBeams 77
8.2 ReactorExperiments 80
8.3 Superbeams 85
8.4 NeutrinoFactories 87
8.5 BetaBeams 91
8.6 ComparingLong-baselineExperiments 92
8.7 T andCPT Symmetries 97
9
Model Building
99
9.1 TheSeesawMechanism 99
9.2 PatternsofNeutrinoMassesandMixings 102
9.3 GUTModels 105
9.4 Non-GUT-specificModels 107
9.5 Leptogenesis 114
10
Supernova Neutrinos
116
10.1 GeneralDescriptionofaSupernova 116
10.2 NeutrinoFluxesfromtheSNCore 118
10.3 FlavorSwappingfromCollectiveEffects 119
10.4 MSWConversionsinaSupernova 120
10.5 DetectionofSupernovaNeutrinos 122
10.6 SupernovaRelicNeutrinos 124
11
High-energy Astrophysical Neutrinos
126
11.1 CosmogenicNeutrinos 126
11.2 IceCube 128
11.3 Waxman–BahcallFlux 132
11.4 UltraHigh-energyNeutrinoCrossSections 133
11.5 Z-burstMechanism 134
11.6 AstrophysicalNeutrinoFlavorContent 135
11.7 NeutrinosfromDarkMatterAnnihilation 138
12
Beyond Three Neutrinos
147
12.1 LSNDExperiment 147
12.2 MiniBooNEExperiment 152
12.3 Mass-varyingNeutrinos 158
12.4 NeutrinoDecay 161
CONTENTS • ix
12.5 NeutrinoDecoherence 163
12.6 LorentzInvarianceViolation 164
12.7 Non-standardNeutrinoInteractions 166
12.8 HeavyMajoranaNeutrinosatColliders 169
12.9 NeutrinoMagneticMoment 170
12.10 FourthGenerationNeutrino 171
13
Summary and Outlook
172
References 177
Index 221