The Physics and Chemistry of Interstellar Molecular Clouds: mm and Sub-mm Observations in Astrophysics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Zermatt, Switzerland, 22–25 September 1988 to Commemorate the 600th Anniversary of the University of Cologne and the

464 Pages·1989·1.55 MB·English

by  G. Winnewisser

Lecture Notes
in Physics
Edited by H. Araki, Kyoto, J. Ehlers, Miinchen, K. Hepp,Zurich
R. Kippenhahn, Munchen, D. Ruelle, Bures-sur-Yvette
H.A. Weidenmuller, Heidelberg, J. Wess, Karlsruhe and J. Zittartz, K61n
Managing Editor: W. Beiglb6ck
331
G. Winnewisser J.T Armstrong (Eds.)
--UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE----
The Physics and Chemistry of
Interstellar Molecular Clouds
mm and Sub-mm Observations in Astrophysics
Proceedings ofaSymposium Held atZermatt, Switzerland,
22-25 September 1988to Commemoratethe
GOOth Anniversary ofthe Universityof Cologneand
the 20th Anniversary ofthe GornergratObservatory
Springer-Verlag
Editors
G. Winnewisser
J.T. Armstrong
I. Physikalischeslnstitut, Universitatzu KCiln
ZulpicherStraBe 77, 0-5000Keln 41, FRG
ISBN 3-540-51297-7Springer-Verlag Berlin HeidelbergNewYork
ISBN 0-387-51297·7Springer-Verlag NewYorkBerlin Heidelberg
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GERHARD HERZBERG
to whom this volume is dedicated.
III
*
~~
~. *@~
n " "
600 JAHRE
KOlNER · ig~~
UNIVERSITAT
FOUNDING AND FIRST BLOOMING
OF THE UNIVERSITY
OnMay21, 1388,inPerugia,PopeUrbanVI issuedthefoundingdeedofthe Universityof
Cologne: "After careful considerationand review, we have, for the benefit andadvantage
not only of the city of Cologne, but also of the residents of the surrounding regions, in
fatherly love,graciouslygranted the humblerequest ofthe councillors, assessors, citizens,
and communityofthe city ofCologne, who for this indevotion haveaskedourfavor, and
decided, for the glory of God and the propagation of the Faith, and directed, through
apostolic authority, that henceforth there shall be a University in the city of Cologne
after the model ofthe University of Paris, which shall ever remain there."
.. ..
GRUNDUNG UND ERSTE BLUTE
..
DER UNIVERSITAT
Am 21. Mai 1388 stellte Papst Urban VI. in Perugia die Stiftungsurkunde fUr die Uni
versitiit zu Kaln aus: "Nach sorgfaJ.tiger Uberlegung und Priifung haben wir nieht nur
zum Nutzen und Vorteil der Stadt Kaln, sondern auch der Einwohner der umlicgenden
Gebiete in vaterlicher Liebe den demiitigen Bitten der Rate, Schoffen, BiiIger, und der
Gemeinde der Stadt Kaln, die in Ergebenheit um diese unsere Gunst gebeten haben,
huldvoll entsprochen und zur Ehre Gattes und zur Farderung des rechten Glaubens
beschlossen und kraft apostolischer Autoritiit angeordnet, daB in cler Stadt Kaln fortan
eine Universitiit sein solI, nach dem Muster der Universitiit Paris, und fiir immer dort
bleiben soIL"
IV
DEI IEKTOI DEI UNIVEISIT7<T lU KOLN
GruBwort
Es ist mir eine angenehme Pflicht, Sie hier in Zermatt an
l~Blich der internationalen Konferenz "The Physics and Chemistry
of Interstellar Molecular Clouds" im Namen der Universit~t zu
Koln herzlich willkommen zu heiBen. Es ist ein besonderer An
laB, das 600j~hrige Bestehen der Universit~t in diesem schonen
Rahmen eines Koln-Zermatt Symposiums begehen zu konnen. Diese
Konferenz ist eine von vielen Veranstaltungen, mit der die Uni
versitat ihren Geburtstag feiert.
Die Universit~t ist stolz, dieses schone Observatorium auf dem
Gornergrat zu betreiben. Zeigt es doch, daB der Blick der Uni
versit~t wie vor 600 Jahren auch heute noch den Sternen und
dem Weltraum zugewandt ist: Den Stern sehen Sie als hochsten
Punkt im Wappen der Universit~t.
Prof. Dr. Peter Hanau
'~z..:.~
v
DER OBERBURGERMEISTER DER STADT KOLN
GruBwort
Verehrte Darnen, meine Herren,
sehr gerne folge ich dem Wunsch von Herrn Professor Dr. Winnewisser, Sie mit einigen
GruBworten herzlich zum internationalen Symposium "The Physics and Chemistry of
Interstellar Molecular Clouds" in Zermatt willkommen zu heiBen. Ich gestehe, noch viel
lieber wareich vom 25.-27. September 1988 unter Ihnen; denn werfiihrt nicht gern nach
Zermatt?
So wiinsche ich Ihnen aus dem 2000-jiihrigen Kaln in Narnen von Rat und Verwal
tung, aber auch persanlich, einen erfolgreichen Verlauf Ihrer zukunftsweisenden Kon
ferenz. Wenn Sie das Observatorium aufdem Gornergrat besichtigen, werden Sie sich in
der hachstgelegenen stiindigen Forschungsstelle der Universitiit zu Kaln befinden. Nur
die "wissenschaftliche Konkurrenz" der Deutschen Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fiir
Luft- und Raumfahrt aus Kaln-Porz iibertrifft anliiBlichihrerWeltraummissionendiesen
Hahenrekord, aber eben nur kurzfristig.
Wenn Sie aus meinen Zeilen so etwas wie "Besitzerstolz" herauslesen, dann belegt
diese Tatsache die freundschaftliche Verbundenheit der KaIner mit ihrer Universitiit, die
vor600 Jahrenals Biirgeruniversitiitgegriindetwurde. DaB dieUniversitiit zu Kalnnicht
in ihrer 600-jiihrigenTradition erstarrt ist, beweist das Symposium des I. Physikalischen
Instituts vom 22.-25. September 1988 in Zermatt.
Mit freundlichen GriiBen
VI
GruBe des Burgerpdisidentenvon Zermatt
Ladies and gentlemen,
it gives me great pleasure to welcome you here in Zermatt personally and on behalf
of the Burgergemeinde. Although the history of Zermatt reaches back to the Middle
Ages, the village and its surroundingsbecameknownlong beforethe turn ofthe century
for their beautiful location, scenery and climatic conditions. With the inauguration of
the Gornergratbahn in 1898 and the construction of Hotel Belvedere on the summit,
one ofthe most scenic spots in the Alps was opened to everyone, not only the devoted
Alpinist, something which Mark Twain probably would have enjoyed on his journey to
the Riffelberg. Now the Kulmhotel Gornergrat just below the summit houses the two
observatorieswhichareourwindowstospace. We, thepeopleofZermatt, takegreat pride
that the Gornergrat has been discovered by astronomers and that astrophysicists from
all overthe worldare participating at the Conferenceon "The Physics and Chemistryof
Interstellar Molecular Clouds".
I wish all of you an enjoyable, informative, interesting and beautiful time here in
Zermatt on the base ofthe Matterhorn.
Herzlich willkommen in Zermatt
E. Aufdenplatten
Burgerprasident, Zermatt
VII
Opening Remarks
Ladies and Gentlemen,
on behalfofthe InternationalFoundation "High-altitudeResearch'Stations Jungfraujoch
and Gornergrat" I welcome you to Zermatt, the famous tourist place, and I wish you a
successfulsymposiumon "The Physics and ChemistryofInterstellar Molecular Clouds".
Our foundation recognized the climatically preferred location of Zermatt and its sur
roundings for astronomical observations more then 20 years ago. In collaboration with
the Observatoire de Meudon, the Geneva Observatory and the Astronomical Institute of
theUniversityofOxfordinGreat Britain, wethereforeerectedastronomicalobservatories
on the two towers of the Kulmhotel of the Burgergemeinde Zermatt at Gornergrat. In
1984 the Gornergrat South observatorywas taken over by the University ofKCiln. In the
following years Professor Gisbert Winnewisser refurbished the observatory, enlarged the
dome, and installed the new KOSMA 3m millimeter and submillimetertelescope. I have
nothing to add to the beautiful results on interstellar molecular lines from Gornergrat.
We are proud that the 1. Physikalisches Institut of the Universitat zu KCiln is running
its 3m radio telescope here in Switzerland. I thank Professor Winnewisser for his great
scientific support ofour foundation. I also thank him for having organized this confer
ence at Zermatt. To you, ladies and gentlemen, I wish a successful symposium, more
and deeper friendships among scientists from allover the world, and a pleasant stay at
Zermatt.
H. Debrunner
Prasident Internationale Stiftung Hochalpine
Forschungsstationen Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat
VIII
Preface
This volume contains the lectures and posters presented at the Cologne-Zermatt
Symposiumon "ThePhysics andChemistryofInterstellarMolecular Clouds" heldin the
Triftbachhalle in Zermatt from 22 to 26 September 1988. The objective ofthe meeting
was twofold: to take stock ofthe recent scientific and technological developments in the
field of millimeter, submillimeter, and far-infrared astrophysics, and to commemorate
the 600th anniversary of the University of Cologne and the 20th year of astronomical
observationsfrom the Gornergrat, a nearby peak (alt. 3130m) where the University has
recently installed the KOSMA 3m millimeter and submillimeter telescope. This year
also marks the 20th year of the detection ofinterstellar NH and Hz0 by C. H. Townes
3
and his collaborators. The three and a halfday meeting was attended by more than 150
participantsfrom 13 countries, considerablymorethan originally anticipated. This large
turnout made it necessary to move the lectures from the Grand Hotel Zermatterhof to
the Triftbachhalle, which fortunately was made available by the town of Zermatt.
The conference covered topics from the early discoveries of interstellar molecular
lines to the most recent contributions from large telescopes. The extended maps from
the KOSMA 3m Gornergrat telescope were presented, highlighting one focus of the
conference: the utility of small telescopes for quick mapping of large regions - both
galactic and extragalactic - andfor selecting targets for more detailed study with larger
telescopes, e.g. star-formation and outflow regions. Halfa day each was devoted to the
chemistry ofinterstellar molecular clouds and to status reports on new instrumentation
and future projects.
Interstellarmolecularspectroscopywouldnot havematuredsoquicklywereit notfor
the tremendous pool ofpreciselaboratory datafor astronomers to fall back on. We were
very fortunate to have with us "the father ofmodern spectroscopy", Gerhard Herzberg,
as our Guest of Honour, to whom we dedicate this volume. We were thankful that
C. H. Townes participated in the meeting and reminded us in his after-dinner speech
how research so often leads to new and unexpected discoveries.
All who were present at the Cologne-Zermatt Symposium 1988 can testify to its
success, owing to the enthusiasmfor the subject matter by all participants, the excellent
presentations from talks to posters, and the beautiful setting for the meeting at the foot
ofthe Matterhorn. Our two secretaries, Frl. M. Alscher and Frau1. Klee, took care ofall
the organizational details with grace and efficiency. The Zermatt people were warm and
generous hosts, especially the staffofthe Grand Hotel Zermatterhofunder the direction
of Jean-Pierre Lanz.
It is a pleasure to express our thanks to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
whose financial support made this conference possible. In addition, we have received
generous contributions from the following institutions and companies: Office of Naval
Research, U. S. Navy; InternationaleStiftungHochalpineForschungsstationenJungfrau
joch und Gornergratj Burgergemeinde Zermatt; Gornergrat-Bahnj Brig-Visp-Zermatt
Bahnj Firma Dornier, Friedrichshafen. The Observatoire de Geneve supplied the poster
walls.
G. Winnewisser and J. T. Armstrong, editors
IX
Contents
G.HERZBERG
Some Historical Remarks 1
PART I: The Physics ofInterstellar Molecular Clouds
Overview
Invited Talks
W. J. WELCH
Molecular Lines: Past, Present and Future 5
P. THADDEUS
Galactic Molecular Surveys: The Role ofSmall Telescopes 14
J. B. G. M. BLOEMEN
Mass Calibration ofCO Surveys: New Insight from IRAS 22
F. BOULANGER
IRAS View at Nearby Molecular Clouds 30
P. C. MYERS
Physical Conditions in Dark Clouds 38
U. MEBOLD
High Latitude Clouds and the IR Cirrus 45
J. STUTZKI
Physical Conditions in Molecular Clouds: Sub-mm and Far-IR CO
Observations 53
G. J. WHITE
The Physical Structure ofStar-Forming Regions _ 60
H. HABING
Circumstellar Envelopes 69
A. HJALMARSON
Molecular Line Surveys 73
XI