The Photosynthetic Apparatus: Molecular Biology and Operation. Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants

505 Pages·1991·8.42 MB·English

by  Lawrence Bogorad (Eds.)

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Indra K. Vasil
Laboratory of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology
Department of Vegetable Crops
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
L. Bogorad R. L. Phillips
F. Constabel J. Schell
D. Dudits O. Schieder
P. Maliga T. A. Thorpe
The Photosynthetic
Apparatus: Molecular Biology
and Operation
Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics
of Plants, Volume 7B
Edited by
LAWRENCE BOGORAD
Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology
The Biological Laboratories
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
INDRA K. VASIL
Laboratory of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology
Department of Vegetable Crops
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Front cover illustration: An adaptation of Figure 2, Chapter 5, a model of the
structure of photosystem I. (For details see p. 189).
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ©
Copyright © 1991 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
San Diego, California 92101
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
(Revised for volume 7)
Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants.
Vols. 4-5 edited by Friedrich Constabel, Indra K.
Vasil; v. 6 edited by Jeff Schell and Indra K. Vasil;
v. 7 edited by Lawrence Bogorad and Indra K. Vasil.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Laboratory procedures and their
applications - v. 2. Cell growth, nutrition,cyto-
differentiation, and cryopreservation — [etc.] —
v. 7a. Molecular Biology of Plastids.
v. 7b. The Photosynthetic Appartus: Molecular Biology
and Operation.
1. Plant cell culture. 2. Plant cytogenetics.
3. Plant molecular biology. I. Vasil, I. K.
II. Constabel, F. III. Schell, Jeff.
QK725.C37 1984 581'.07'24 83-21538
ISBN 0-12-715007-2 (alk. paper) (vol. 7A)
ISBN 0-12-715010-2 (alk. paper) (vol. 7B)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
91 92 93 94 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
DOLORES M. BARTHOLOMEW (331), Central Research and
Development Department, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington,
Delaware 19880
GLENN E. BARTLEY (331), Central Research and Development
Department, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
19880
LAWRENCE BOGORAD (3, 447), Department of Cellular and
Developmental Biology, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
DONALD A. BRYANT (257), Department of Molecular and Cell
Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802
PARAG R. CHITNIS (177), Biochemistry Department, Roche Institute
of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
SHIRLEY A. COOMBER (331), Central Research and Development
Department, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
19880
W. A. CRAMER (149), Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
GERHART DREWS (113), Institute of Biology 2, Microbiology,
Albert-Ludwigs-University, D-7800 Freiburg, Federal Republic of
Germany
MASAHIKO IKEUCHI (25), Solar Energy Research Group, RIKEN,
Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
ANDRE T. JAGENDORF (225), Plant Biology Section, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853
C. GAMINI KANNANGARA (301), Department of Physiology,
XI
XII Contributors
Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500
Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark
HIROKAZU KOBAYASHI (395), Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology,
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka,
Shizuoka, Japan
GERHARD LINK (365), University of Bochum, Plant Cell Physiology
and Molecular Biology, D-4630 Bochum 1, Federal Republic of
Germany
RICHARD E. McCARTY (225), Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular
Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
NATHAN NELSON (177), Biochemistry Department, Roche Institute
of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
SANDRA A. NIERZWICKI-BAUER (347), Plant Science Program,
Biology Department and Center for Biophysics, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590
DOMINIQUE ROBERTSON (225), Department of Zoology, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 27706
HARRY ROY (347), Plant Science Program, Biology Department and
Center for Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,
New York 12180-3590
PABLO A. SCOLNIK (331), Central Research and Development
Department, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
19880
NICOLE TANDEAU DE MARSAC (417), Unite de Physiologie
Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
WIM F. J. VERMAAS (25), Department of Botany, and Center for the
Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona 85287
W. R. WIDGER (149), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77005
KENNETH H. WOLFE (467), Department of Biology, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
General Preface
Recent advances in the techniques and applications of plant cell cul-
ture and plant molecular biology have created unprecedented opportu-
nities for the genetic manipulation of plants. The potential impact of
these novel and powerful biotechnologies on the genetic improvement
of crop plants has generated considerable interest, enthusiasm, and op-
timism in the scientific community and is in part responsible for the
rapidly expanding biotechnology industry.
The anticipated role of biotechnology in agriculture is based not on
the actual production of any genetically superior plants, but on elegant
demonstrations in model experimental systems that new hybrids, mu-
tants, and genetically engineered plants can be obtained by these meth-
ods and the presumption that the same procedures can be adapted
successfully for important crop plants. However, serious problems exist
in the transfer of this technology to crop species.
Most of the current strategies for the application of biotechnology
to crop improvement envisage the regeneration of whole plants from
single, genetically altered cells. In many instances this requires that spe-
cific agriculturally important genes be identified and characterized, that
they be cloned, that their regulatory and functional controls be under-
stood, and that plants be regenerated from single cells in which such
gene material has been introduced and integrated in a stable manner.
Knowledge of the structure, function, and regulation of plant genes
is scarce, and basic research in this area is still limited. On the other
hand, a considerable body of knowledge has accumulated in the last
fifty years on the isolation and culture of plant cells and tissues. For
example, it is possible to regenerate plants from tissue cultures of many
plant species, including several important agricultural crops. These pro-
cedures are now widely used in large-scale rapid clonal propagation of
plants. Plant cell culture techniques also allow the isolation of mutant
xiii
XIV General Preface
cell lines and plants, the generation of somatic hybrids by protoplast
fusion, and the regeneration of genetically engineered plants from single
transformed cells.
Many national and international meetings have been the forums for
discussion of the application of plant biotechnology to agriculture. Nei-
ther the basic techniques nor the biological principles of plant cell
culture are generally included in these discussions or their published
proceedings. Following the very enthusiastic reception accorded the two
volumes entitled "Perspectives in Plant Cell and Tissue Culture" that
were published as supplements to the International Review of Cytology in
1980, I was approached by Academic Press to consider the feasibility of
publishing a treatise on plant culture. Because of the rapidly expanding
interest in the subject both in academia and in industry, I was convinced
that such a treatise was needed and would be useful. No comprehensive
work of this nature is available or has been attempted previously.
The organization of the treatise is based on extensive discussions with
colleagues, the advice of a distinguished editorial advisory board, and
suggestions provided by anonymous reviewers to Academic Press. How-
ever, the responsibility for the final choice of subject matter included in
the different volumes, and of inviting authors for various chapters, is
mine. The basic premise on which this treatise is based is that knowl-
edge of the principles of plant cell culture is critical to their potential use
in biotechnology. Accordingly, descriptions and discussion of all aspects
of modern plant cell culture techniques and research are included in the
treatise. The first volume describes every major laboratory procedure
used in plant cell culture and somatic cell genetics research, including
many variations of a single procedure adapted for important crop plants.
The second and third volumes are devoted to the nutrition and growth
of plant cell cultures and to the important subject of generating and
recovering variability from cell cultures. An entirely new approach is
used in the treatment of this subject by including not only spontaneous
variability arising during culture, but also variability created by proto-
plast fusion, genetic transformation, etc. Future volumes are envisioned
to cover most other relevant and current areas of research in plant cell
culture and its uses in biotechnology.
In addition to the very comprehensive treatment of the subject, the
uniqueness of these volumes lies in the fact that all the chapters are
prepared by distinguished scientists who have played a major role in the
development and/or uses of specific laboratory procedures and in key
fundamental as well as applied studies of plant cell and tissue culture.
General Preface XV
This allows a deep insight, as well as a broad perspective, based on
personal experience. The volumes are designed as key reference works
to provide extensive as well as intensive information on all aspects of
plant cell and tissue culture not only to those newly entering the field
but also to experienced researchers.
Indra K. Vasil
Preface
Volumes 7 A and 7B of this series are about plastids—the DNA-
containing organelles that set plants apart from other organisms. Vol-
ume 7 A deals with various aspects of plastid nucleic acid and protein
metabolism. The molecular biology and operation of the photosynthetic
apparatus are the subjects of the chapters in Volume 7B.
Except for some information on chloroplast gene transmission dis-
cussed in Chapter 3 and the composition of chloroplast ribosomes, most
of the information in Volume 7A has been acquired during the last 15
years. The first maps of restriction endonuclease sites on chloroplast
chromosomes were published in the mid- to late-1970s and now (see
Chapter 2) such maps have been made for more than 1000 species.
Comparisons of the organization of plastid chromosomes have yielded
important information on phylogeny and brought increased understand-
ing of the evolution of these chromosomes. Chapters 4-7 describe our
knowledge of the apparatus for nucleic acid and protein metabolism,
including our still rudimentary ideas of how some transcripts of chloro-
plast genes are processed. In a sense, the material in Chapters 1-7 is
concerned largely with the molecular biology of what plastids do for
themselves. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the organization and opera-
tion of the outer plastid membranes and the transport of polypeptides
through them. Finally, in a circular way, the discussion of the origin and
evolution of the chloroplast genome in Chapter 11 is related to material
in Chapters 2 and 3 as well as to other parts of Volume 7A. The acquisi-
tion of almost all the information described in Volume 7A has depended
on the development of biochemical methods as well as on the tools
of molecular biology, which include restriction mapping, cloning, and
DNA sequencing.
The first six chapters of Volume 7B contain the authors' views of our
current knowledge of the composition, operation, and molecular biol-
ogy of the apparatus for oxygenic photosynthesis in higher plants and
xvii
xviii Preface
cyanobacteria and for anoxygenic photosynthesis in other bacteria.
Chapters 7, 8, and 9 deal with the composition and synthesis of phycobi-
liproteins, chlorophylls, and carotenoids—the photosynthetic pigments.
Because of space limitations, many interesting and important aspects
of plastid biology have been omitted from these two volumes. Most
conspicuously absent are extensive discussions of carbon metabolism
and its regulation. The only exception in this subject area is Chap-
ter 10, which deals with the molecular biology of ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase-oxygenase. This topic is included mainly because the large
subunit of this enzyme is encoded in the chloroplast genome, both its
nuclear and plastid genes have been studied in depth, and the problem
of assembly is interesting. Beginning in Chapter 11 and continuing
through Chapters 12 and 13, a few aspects of the development of plas-
tids and of the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria are examined.
Information on the development of light energy transducing systems of
bacteria that carry on anoxygenic photosynthesis is also included in
Chapter 3.
One of the most arresting and fascinating features of eukaryotic cell
biology is the dispersal in the nuclear and plastid genomes of genes for
plastid components. Plastids encode genes for only a modest fraction of
the total number of proteins they contain; genes for the remaining pro-
teins are encoded in the nucleus (and perhaps mitochondria?). It is ap-
parent in almost all cases studied to date that multimeric complexes in
plastids are made up of products of both plastid and nuclear genes. Pos-
sible mechanisms for integrating the expression of plastid and nuclear
genomes for plastid components is the subject of Chapter 14; the expo-
sition in this chapter depends on information described and examined
in both volumes.
Chapter 15 of Volume 7B also relates to the contents of both Volumes
7 A and 7B. Some protein and DNA sequences are presented in various
chapters of these two volumes. Authors were asked to include such se-
quences only when the information had a direct bearing on points being
discussed. Chapter 16 is provided for the many readers of these volumes
who may wish to study DNA and protein sequences mentioned in the
text. At the time of its preparation late in 1990, Chapter 16 was a com-
prehensive list of sequences of chloroplast genes that had been depos-
ited in computer data bases. It will, no doubt, be out of date by the time
these volumes are published, but nevertheless should provide entry into
this mass of information for the interested reader.
DNA sequences are available for the total chloroplast genomes of Mar-
chantia polymorpha, Nicotiana tabacum, and Oryza sativa, as well as about
70% of the chloroplast chromosomes of Zea mays. However, the number