The Philosophy Book: From the Vedas to the New Atheists, 250 Milestones in the History of Philosophy PDF
Preview The Philosophy Book: From the Vedas to the New Atheists, 250 Milestones in the History of Philosophy
THE PHILOSOPHY BOOK F V N A , 250 M ROM THE EDAS TO THE EW THEISTS ILESTONES IN H P THE ISTORY OF HILOSOPHY Gregory Bassham STERLING and the distinctive Sterling logo are registered trademarks of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Text © 2016 Gregory Bassham Illustration caption text © 2016 Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-4549-3557-5 For information about custom editions, special sales, and premium and corporate purchases, please contact Sterling Special Sales at 800-805-5489 or [email protected]. sterlingpublishing.com Image Credits: see page 523 Contents Introduction c. 1500 BCE The Vedas c. 585 BCE Birth of Western Philosophy c. 550 BCE The Dao c. 540 BCE Reincarnation c. 540 BCE Ahimsa c. 530 BCE Anthropomorphization c. 525 BCE The Four Noble Truths c. 525 BCE No-Self (Anatta) c. 500 BCE Confucian Ethics c. 500 BCE Reciprocity c. 500 BCE Change Is Constant c. 500 BCE The Book of Job c. 470 BCE Change Is Illusory c. 460 BCE Mind Organizes Nature c. 460 BCE The Paradoxes of Motion c. 450 BCE Survival of the Fittest c. 450 BCE Protagoras and Relativism c. 450 BCE The Sophists c. 450 BCE Ladder of Love c. 430 BCE Know Thyself c. 420 BCE Atoms and the Void c. 420 BCE Universal Love c. 400 BCE Cynicism c. 400 BCE Cyrenaic Hedonism c. 400 BCE The Bhagavad Gita 399 BCE The Trial and Death of Socrates c. 399 BCE Socratic Dialogues c. 386 BCE Plato Founds the Academy c. 380 BCE The World of the Forms c. 380 BCE Plato’s Republic c. 380 BCE Mind-Body Dualism c. 367 BCE Aristotle Enrolls in the Academy 334 BCE Hellenization Begins c. 330 BCE The Invention of Logic c. 330 BCE The Earth-Centered Universe c. 330 BCE Matter and Form c. 330 BCE The Four Causes c. 330 BCE Nicomachean Ethics c. 320 BCE Maybe Life Is a Dream c. 300 BCE Ecclesiastes c. 300 BCE Epicureanism c. 300 BCE Stoicism c. 300 BCE Innate Goodness 155 BCE Carneades on Justice c. 55 BCE On the Nature of Things 51 BCE Universal Moral Law c. 30 CE The Christian Era Begins c. 65 Buddhism Comes to China 65 The Death of Seneca c. 125 Epictetian Stoicism c. 150 Platonism and Christianity 180 The Philosopher-King c. 200 Outlines of Pyrrhonism c. 250 Neoplatonism c. 285 The Problem of Universals 386 Augustine’s Conversion 415 Death of Hypatia 426 The City of God c. 460 The Last Great Greek Philosopher 476 The Dark Ages Begin c. 500 The Way of Negation c. 520 Origins of Chan/Zen Buddhism 524 The Consolations of Philosophy 529 Justinian Closes the Academy c. 630 The Rise and Spread of Islam c. 700 Huineng and the Platform Sutra c. 810 Monism c. 840 Islamic Philosophy Begins c. 865 Eriugena’s Christian Neoplatonism c. 1015 Ibn Sīnā’s Islamic Aristotelianism 1078 The Ontological Argument c. 1093 The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1121 The Birth of Scholasticism c. 1130 Aristotelian Revival in the West c. 1135 Qualified Dualism c. 1180 Revival of Confucianism c. 1185 The Commentator c. 1190 The Guide for the Perplexed c. 1220 Philosophers Join Academia c. 1250 The Universal Doctor 1259 A Franciscan Approach to Philosophy c. 1265 The Great Medieval Synthesis c. 1265 The Five Ways c. 1270 Natural Law c. 1300 Attack on the Medieval Synthesis c. 1300 Mystical Theology c. 1320 Ockham’s Razor c. 1320 Conceptualism 1324 The Defender of Peace c. 1350 The Renaissance Begins 1440 The Synthesis of Opposites 1468 The Recovery of Platonism 1516 Utopia 1517 The Reformation Begins c. 1520 The Humanist Ideal c. 1525 The Silver Age of Scholasticism 1532 The Prince 1539 The Rights of Native Peoples 1543 The Birth of Modern Science 1580 Revival of Classical Skepticism 1605 The Advancement of Learning 1620 The Enlightenment Begins 1625 On the Law of War and Peace 1637 The Father of Modern Philosophy 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy 1651 Leviathan 1651 Free Will and Determinism Are Compatible 1670 Pascal’s Wager 1674 Occasionalism 1677 Ethics 1689 Human Rights 1689 Religious Liberty 1689 Empiricism c. 1700 Preestablished Harmony 1713 To Be Is to Be Perceived 1725 The Moral Sense 1730 Deism 1736 The Analogy of Religion 1739 A Treatise of Human Nature 1739 The Problem of Induction 1748 An Attack on Miracles 1748 The Spirit of the Laws 1751 Morality Is Rooted in Feeling 1754 America’s First Major Philosopher 1759 Candide c. 1760 The Birth of Romanticism 1762 The Social Contract 1762 Emile and Natural Education 1764 The Philosophy of Common Sense 1770 A Godless, Mechanistic Universe 1779 Hume’s Dialogues 1781 Critique of Pure Reason 1785 The Categorical Imperative 1787 The Federalist 1789 Utilitarianism 1790 Critique of Judgment 1790 Forefather of Conservatism 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman c. 1795 The Beginnings of German Idealism 1807 The Phenomenology of Spirit 1819 The Philosophy of Pessimism 1821 The Real Is the Rational 1830 Positivism 1832 Law and Morality Are Separate 1836 American Transcendentalism 1841 Idealism Is Turned Upside Down 1843 Existentialism 1843 A System of Logic 1846 Truth Is Subjectivity 1848 The Communist Manifesto 1854 Walden 1859 On Liberty 1859 Darwin’s Origin of Species 1862 Social Darwinism 1863 Refined Utilitarianism c. 1865 The Rise of British Idealism 1867 Capital 1869 The Subjection of Women 1874 The Methods of Ethics 1874 Intentionality 1878 Origins of Pragmatism 1879 The New Logic 1882 “God Is Dead” 1882 Perspectivism 1887 The Revaluation of Values 1890 The Principles of Psychology 1897 “The Will to Believe” 1900 Phenomenology 1901 Environmental Preservationism 1902 The Varieties of Religious Experience 1903 Ethical Intuitionism 1903 The Analytic-Continental Split 1905 The Theory of Definite Descriptions 1907 Pragmatism
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