The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction

433 Pages·1960·12.73 MB·English

by  Herbert Spiegelberg (auth.)

Tbe Phenomenological Movement
PHAENOMENOLOGICA
COLLECTION PUBLIEE SOUS LE PATRONAGE DES CENTRES
D'ARCHIVES-HUSSERL
5
HERBERT SPIEGELBERG
The Phenomenological Movement
A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
Co mite de redaction de la collection:
President: H. L. Van Breda (Louvain);
Membres: M. Farber (Buffalo}, E. Fink (Fribourg en Brisgau},
J. Hyppolite (Paris}, L. Landgrebe (Cologne}, M. Merleau-Ponty (Paris),
P. Ricreur (Paris}, K. H. Volkmann-Schluck (Cologne), J. Wahl (Paris);
Secretaire: J. Taminiaux (Louv ain).
HERBERT SPIEGELBERG
The Phenomenological
Movement
A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
VOLUME ONE
•
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. 1960
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1960
Ursprünglich erschienen bei Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands 1960
Softcover reprint oft he hardcover 1st edition 1960
All rights reseroed, including the right to translate Of' to
reproduce this book Of' parts thereof in any form
ISBN 978-94-017-5650-1 ISBN 978-94-017-5920-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-5920-5
TO THE MEMORY
of
ALFRED SCHUETZ
one of the brightest hopes for an authentic phenomenology in
the United States, whose untimely death deprives this book of
its most beloved reader and keenest critic
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME ONE
List of Illustrations [XIX]
Preface [XXI]
Introduction
I. The Phenomenological Movement Defined I
2. Pseudo-Phenomenologies 7
A. Extra-Philosophical Phenomenologies 8
B. Philosophical Phenomenologies 11
3. Preview 20
Part One f The Preparatory Phase
I. FRANZ BRENTANO (1838-1917): FORERUNNER
OF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT
I. Brentano's l?lace in the History of Phenomenology 27
2. Brentano's Purpose: A Scientific Reformation of
Philosophy 28
3. A New Psychology as the Foundation for Scientific
Philosophy 33
4. A New Type of Empiricism 35
5. Descriptive Psychology versus Genetic Psychology 36
6. A New Type of Experience: Inner Perception versus
Introspection 38
7. "Intentionality" :TheBasicPsychologicalPhenomenon 39
8. A "Natural" Classification of Psychical Acts 42
9. A Fundamental Law of Psychical Phenomena 43
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
10. The Awareness of Time 44
11. An Analogue of Self-Evidence as the Basis for Ethical
Knowledge 44
12. Brentano's Fight Against "Fictitious Entities" 44
13. How Far Was Brentano a Representative of "Psycho-
logism" ? 49
Selective Bibliography 50
II. CARL STUMPF (1848-1936): FOUNDER OF
EXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY
1. Stumpf's Place in the History of Phenomenology 53
2. The Role of Phenomenology in Stumpf's Work 55
3. General Characteristics of Stumpf's Phenomenology 58
a. The Subject Matter of Phenomenology Consists of Primary
and Secondary Phenomena 59
b. Phenomenology Constitutes a Neutral Science or Pre-
Science (Vorwissenschaft) 59
c. Phenomenology is the First of the Neutral Pre-Sciences 60
d. Phenomenology is not an Independent Discipline for
Specialists, but Rather the First Layer in the Study of
Every Established Science 60
e. Phenomenology, while a Descriptive Science, has to be
Studied by all Suitable Methods, Including the Experimen-
tal One 61
4. Some Concrete Phenomenological Contributions 62
a. The Distinction Between Dependent and Independent
Parts and the Experience of Substance and Attribute 62
b. The Experience of Causal Nexus 62
c. The Experience of "Feel-Sensations" (Gefuhlsempfindungen) 63
d. The Discovery of Structural Laws among Empirical
Materials not based upon Induction 63
e. The Discovery of the Sachverhalt 64
5. The Relationship of Stumpf's and Husserl's Phenome-
nologies 65
Excursus: Stumpf's Phenomenology and William James's
Psychology 66
Selective Bibliography 69
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
Part Two f The German Phase of the Movement
III. THE PURE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EDMUND HUSSERL
(1859-1938)
A. Introductory 73
B. Constants in Husserl's Conception of Philosophy 75
1. The Ideal of Rigorous Science 76
2. Philosophic Radicalism 82
3. The Ethos of Radical Autonomy 94
4. The Wonder of All Wonders: Subjectivity 87
5. Husserl's Personality and His Philosophy 88
c. Variables in the Development of Husserl's Philosophy 91
l. The Pre-Phenomenological Period 91
a. The Critique of Psychologism 93
b. The Conception of a Pure Logic 95
Excursus: Meinong's Gegenstandstheorie and Husserl's Logic 98
2. The Beginnings of Phenomenology as the Subjective
Correlate of Pure Logic 101
a. Husserl's Semantics 104
b. Husserl's Doctrine of Universals (Essences) lOS
c. The Intentionality of Consciousness 107
Excursus: William James's Significance for Husserl's Pheno-
menology 111
d. Phenomenological Intuiting (A nschauung and W esensschau) 117
3. Phenomenology Becomes "First Philosophy" 118
Excursus: Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl 122
4. The Birth of the Phenomenological Movement and the
Beginnings of Transcendental Phenomenology 124
a. Self..Givenness - Phenomenology and Positivism 128
b. Phenomenology of Perception and Self-Evidence 131
c. The Phenomenological Reduction 133
Excursus: Santayana's Ultimate Scepticism Compared With
Husserl's Phenomenological Reduction 138
d. The Phenomenological Residue: Ego Cogito Cogitata Mea 140
( 1) The Phenomenological Ego 140
(2) The Cogitations 141
(3) The Cogitata 142
e. Phenomenological Idealism 142
X TABLE OF CONTENTS
Excuf'sus: Husserl and Josiah Royce 144
f. Phenomenological Constitution and the Consciousness of
Time 146
g. Phenomenology and Psychology 149
5. The Final Radicalization of Transcendental Phenome-
nology 152
a. Intersubjectivity and Transcendental Monadology 157
b. The Idea of the Life-World (Lebenswelt) 159
D. In Place of an Appraisal 163
Selective Bibliography 163
IV. THE OLDER PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT
A. The Phenomenological Circles 168
1. The Gottingen Circle 169
2. The Munich Circle 171
Note: Phenomenology and Conversion 172
B. Alexander Pfiinder (z870-I94I): From Phenomenolo-
gical Psychology to Phenomenological Philosophy 173
1. Pfander's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 173
2. The Place of Phenomenology in Pfander's Philosophy 175
3. Pfander' s Conception of Phenomenology 178
a. Phenomenological Psychology 179
b. Phenomenological Philosophy 180
4. Examples of Pfander's Phenomenology 185
a. The Phenomenology of Directed Sentiments (Gesinnungen) 186
b. The Phenomenology of Basic and Empirical Essences 188
c. The Phenomenology of the Perception of Oughtness 189
5. Concluding Remarks 191
Selected Bibliography
6. Pfander's Following 192
c. Adolf Reinach (I88]-I9I7): The Phenomenology of
Essences 195
1. Reinach's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 195
2. Reinach' s Conception of Phenomenology 197
3. Illustrations of Reinach's Phenomenology 201