The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs PDF
Preview The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs
The Chang Huang CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata Catalog record IS avadable from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid~tyo f all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any pan may be reproduced or transm~ttedI n any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any informat~ons torage or retrieval system, without prior perm~ssioni n wnting from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distnbution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obta~nedi n writmg from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC. 20W N.W. Corporate Blvd.. Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Wademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered tmdemarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to ~nfringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at wwwcrcpress.com 0 1999 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works lnternat~onalS tandard Book Number 0-8493-1665-0 Printed ~n the Unnted States of America 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC FOREWORD This encyclopedic compendium could not have been written by a more appro- priate scholar than K.C. Huang. It has been my pleasure to be his colleague and friend for many years and to follow the evolution of this book from its inception more than ten years ago. K.C. is recognized internationally as a teacher and researcher. He has been invited to lecture at many schools and spent extended periods of time teaching in locations such as China, Germany, Sudan, Kuwait, and Egypt. His teaching is inspirational; for the first three years in which his lectures were presented, he was the unanimous choice for the University of Louisville medical students' Golden Apple Teaching award. He is the author of many research publications on a wide variety of topics in pharmacology. His special interest was in renal and intestinal transport of amino acids and sugars, as well as electrolyte and fluid balance. His hook on pharma- cology for medical students was well received and used by many students both in the U.S. and other countries. There are at present only a handful of examples of Western drugs which have been developed from Chinese herbs. One classic example is the 1923 isolation of ephedrine from ma huang, after K.K. Chen had shown this herb's potency as a drug. The problem, of course, has been in identifying the truly useful and potent herbs in the armamentarium of traditional Chinese herbs. The list of supposedly useful herbs is endless, but few have been verified by objective evaluation. In many cases, scientific trials reveal the herb to be nothing more than a placeho. This treatise on the pharmacology of Chinese herbs has been in K.C.'s mind for a long time. He is uniquely qualified to evaluate these herbs from both the traditional Chinese and Western points of view. His early medical education gave him familiarity with the herbs and their uses, while throughout his career he has had occasion to ponder the possible correlations of Western pharmacology with the teachings of traditional Chinese medicine. He has carefully evaluated a long list of Chinese herbs and included in this hook only those he considers to have potential for further investigation by objective research. The result is a definitive treatise on the subject which will be useful to medical researchers as well as physicians, historians, pharmacologists, and students. William J. Waddell, M.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION As a pharmacologist trained primarily in Western traditions, I am constantly astounded by the abundance and richness of the herbal lore available in Chinese - medicine. Records cataloguing the healing powers of natural substances plants, minerals and animal byproducts - date back more than four thousand years. Even more remarkable is the fact that much of this knowledge is still in wide usage, neither obsolete nor forgotten. Over half of the Chinese population still relies on herbal presciptions rather than Western medicine. After the communist revolution of 1949, the Chinese government has reversed the previous Kuo Ming Tong government's ban on the traditional Chinese medicine policy by establishing more than ten traditional medical colleges and institutes whose role was to train physicians in practicing Chinese medicine and further investigate the uses of herbs. Today, even Western hospitals in China are equipped with apothecaries which dispense Chinese herbs upon request. While there is no denying the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine, the roots of this knowledge are largely lost in superstition and folklore. Even recent research in herbal medicine with modern methods is somewhat flawed, lacking any critical review. This contrasts sharply with Western medicine, which emphasizes a healing system based on defined scientific rules and technology. The purpose of this book is not to debate the value of Eastern (the traditional) or Western medicine. Instead, I hope to bring together ancient Chinese herbal lore and modern Western scientific methods. In this manuscript, herbs are classified based on their therapeutic value, rather than pharmacognostically. Each herbal medicine is described in terms of its chemical composition, pharmacological action, toxicity, and therapeutic uses. It is my hope that this work will be of benefit to colleagues who may one day apply the successes of Western research, similar to the Green Revolution, in developing a gene-modification technology, to produce more effective and better plants from Chinese herbs. Of special interest may be the employment of modern medicinal chemical technique to modify the structures of certain purified Chinese herbal ingredients into better agents with higher efficacy and activity. Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC I would like to acknowledge my gratitude for the contributions of the following: W. Michael Williams, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Science Center, for his inspirational discusion in preparing this manuscript; The librarians of the University of Louisville Medical Science Library, the Tianjin Medical College Library (People's Republic of China), the Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medical College Library (PRC), and the Beijing Traditional Chinese Medical College Library (PRC) for their unstinting help in the search for literature; Professor Ying Li, Department of Pharmacognosy, Shanghai Medical University School of Pharmacy (PRC), for her help in obtaining the pictures of certain herbs; The authors who kindly allowed reproduction of figures and tables from their texts; And my wife and children, who encouraged and supported me throughout the process of preparing this work. Special thanks go to my my youngest daughter, Karen Tsin Huang Soo, who patiently edited the manuscript prior to publication. KCH (1992) Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Since the publication of the first edition of Pharmacology of Chinese Herhs in 1993, I have received many calls from medical professionals and laymen for advice and verification of various herbal medicines. The interest in this field has become nothing less than phenomenal, sparking concerns over potential abuses in treatment. The use of herbs as an alternative medical treatment for many illness has increased steadily over the last decade, particularly since many such herbs are categorized as "natural Food products" and are not yet subject to strict control by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Reports published in 1996 indicated that over 10% of the U.S. population had made use of herbal remedies. Signifi- cantly, most of the respondents undergoing such treatment were college-educated, earning over $30,000 annually. Often, these patients do not inform their physicians about these treatments, not realizing that many herbs contain certain active ingredients that may interact adversely with other herbs or drugs prescribed by their physicians. While the misuse of herbs is an undeniable worry for the medical profession, the efficacy of herbal medicine as it has been applied in China for centuries cannot be ignored. Even after opening its doors to Western medicine two centuries ago, China still relies heavily on traditional medicine to treat many of its sick. Indeed, the recent focus of the Chinese government has been to propel research at its institutes and universities towards developing efficacious herbal drugs, particularly as anticancer, anti-HIV, and immunomodulating agents. It is my goal in this edition to compile much of the recent research data, both from China and abroad, focusing on subjects which were omitted in the previous edition. Hopefuly, readers can use this volume as a reference or guideline for further understanding of how herbs work, making their own judgments of their effectiveness in comparison with Western medicines. One major dilemma in the preparation of this revision was to select which herbs to add. Recently, many herbs have been discovered in the provinces of Tibet, Xinjiang (Northwest of China), and Manchuria. Their biological activities and chemical struc- tures have been partially studied, but how do we evaluate them, since they are neither listed in Ben Cao Kong Mo, nor in the recent Chinese Pharmacopoeia? Finally, it was decided to include and judge some of these herbs, based on their chemical structures, comparing them to known established compounds. Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC I wish to thank my friend and colleague, Dr. Walter M. Williams for his help and collaboration in the revision. Since my age may not allow me to continue this task for many years longer, I sincerely hope he will take up the torch to carry on this work for the benefit of future medical professionals. In addition, I also should like to thank my daughter, Karen, for doing an excellent job in editing this book. KCH (1 997) Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC THE AUTHOR Kee Chang Huang, M.D., Ph.D., was born in Canton, China, in 1917. He attended Sun Yat-sen University, receiving his medical degree in 1940. He was a research fellow in pharmacology at the Chinese National Institute of Health for six years before joining the faculty of the National Shanghai Medical School in 1946. In 1949, he left China to enter graduate school at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. After receiving a Ph.D. in physiology in 1953, he was recruited by the University of Louisville as a Research Associate in Pharmacology, rising through the ranks to become Professor of Pharmacology in 1963. During his tenure he was awarded the Fulbright Professorship twice and the Distinguished Professorship by the University of Louisville and the Tianjin Medical College of China. He is the author of three books, Absorption, Distribution, Transformation and Excretion of Dmgs, Outline of Pharmacology, and The Phar- macology of Chinese Herbs, and many research papers. Although he retired from the University in 1989, he remains active in research. Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC CONTENTS Foreword Preface to t Edition Preface to Second Editio SECTION I: INTRODUCTION SECTION II: A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHINESE MEDICINE SECTION Ill: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1 Herbs with Multiple Action Ginseng ( &I, Panax gins Ci Wu Jia (#d~rpd,A canthopana nticosus, Eleutherococcus sentinoscus Wu Jia Pi (db~&A,ca ntho ax gracilistylus Zhu Je Ginseng ($'ffk , Panm japonicum Jiao Chi" Lan ~nOstermmpae ntaph 2 C ardi.ac H.erb. Jia Zhu Tao Neri indi Huang Hua Jia Z(#hu & T ao (& JJ "-& b), Theuetia peruuiana Yang Guo Nan &), Strophanthus diuaricatus Luo Bu Ma (q@@A, ocyn,u,m uenetum Won Nian Qing (b 1, Rhodea japonic @$A8 Fu Shou Cao or Bing Lian Hua (:& ) Adonis amurensis, Adonis( c$hr2yso cyat w Ling Lan ), Conu ria keishei Xiang JiMa 1 ( Periploca sepiu Fu Zi i or Wu (Thao W( ' ) Ra coniti praeparata or Jian SuCi FFpu an Hou d&), Antiaris toxicari Tang Jie $1, Erysimum cheiranthoide '1 3 ~ntiamhythmicH erb 3 Ku Seng ( ,$&), S,o p Ba Li Ma (, or Nao Yang Hua Rhododen ron molle Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC (q Changrolin Tetrandrine ( : (%yjj3 Berberine ( , ~ - 3 ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ Dauricine Other Antiar yt erbs Cassia cidentalis 5 Antiangin(aal H %er bs Tan Seng ), Sahia miltiowhiza (<II Chuan Xiong { ), Ligusticum chuamian(g H Yen Xing Leaf ( uJ ) or Pei Go Su Leaf Pf) Ginkgo biloba (g$g Ge Gen Pueraria lobata San Qi ( 3 ), Panm notogenseng or P. zingiherensis Loranthusparasiticus coloratum and Ir. album brevicomm, E. koreanurn, 6 Antihyper8choz,ies)t ,er olemic Herbs Ling Zhi (- Ganoderma lucidum Shan Zha @), Crataegmpinnat@da (,f.,f3 Ho Shou W@u $$@a$ ) , Polygonum mollif2orum Jue Ming Zi (:& Cassia ohtusifolia or C Cora Wu Tong Firmiana simpl Ze Xie (&;$ ), Alisma orientalis Pu Huang (>% =@ ), Typha augustifolia $&), Hu Chang ( $P~olygonump cuspida tum Woo Lu Bar Trt'g onella foenum-graecum Copyright 1999 by CRC Press LLC
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