The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care PDF
Preview The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care
Filipa Alves da Costa J. W. Foppe van Mil · Aldo Alvarez-Risco Editors The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care Filipa Alves da Costa J. W. Foppe van Mil (cid:129) Aldo Alvarez-Risco Editors The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care 123 Editors Filipa AlvesdaCosta AldoAlvarez-Risco Instituto UniversitárioEgas Moniz (IUEM) Universidad deSanMartín dePorres Monte daCaparica Lima Portugal Peru J.W. FoppevanMil vanMilConsultancy Zuidlaren TheNetherlands ISBN978-3-319-92575-2 ISBN978-3-319-92576-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018942909 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019,correctedpublication2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Pharmaceutical care is the pharmacist’s contribution to the care of individuals in order to optimize medicines use and improve health outcomes. The concept, that was first really developed around 1990 by Hepler and Strand, deals with how medicine users should receive their medicines and accompanying medicine infor- mation. At the same time, however, the pharmacist is also expected to counsel the patient, and monitor the problems that may occur with the medicine use, the so-called drug-related problems. As part of pharmaceutical care nowadays, phar- macists are also expected to assist prescribers in selecting the optimal medicine treatment or even to prescribe. Many practicing pharmacists have embraced phar- maceuticalcare,butothersdonotyetknowhowtoshapeitintheirpracticesetting. Thepurposeofthisbookistocomprehensivelyprovidepracticalsupportforthe implementationofpharmaceuticalcare.Thisbookisintendedtoguideandsupport practitioners in different settings when incorporating pharmaceutical care in their practice. The joint effort of experts from five continents gives this book the rele- vanceandpracticalutilityneededfortheimplementationofpharmaceuticalcareat various levels and within different healthcare systems. Their experience forms the basis of this practical guide, aimed at all pharmacists at all levels and settings. In Part I of the book, the basics of pharmaceutical care are described. Afundamentalaspectoftheapproachofthisbookisthatitisbasedonaconsensus definition of pharmaceutical care, introduced in Chap. 1, and pursued throughout thebook.Thefirstchapteralsodepictsthedevelopmentoftheconcept.InChap.2, the contribution of pharmaceutical care to the identification and prevention or resolvingofdrug-relatedproblemsisestablished,makingthelinktounderstandina practicalwayhowthisprofessionalactivitymaybeusefultoachieveoptimalresults of therapy for patients. Part II is centered on the patient and comprises 10 chapters. Chapter 3 presents the pharmaceutical care process in detail, describing the role of the patient in the process and how to assess health-related needs to develop person-centered phar- maceutical care, moving then to the aspects of counseling, instructing patients and increasing health literacy in Chap. 4. The contribution of medication adherence to pharmaceutical care is discussed in Chap. 5, exploring methods to detect and v vi Preface classify nonadherence in order to target interventions that are meaningful for that person.TheimportanceofinterprofessionalcommunicationisdiscussedinChap.6, stressing the difference between multidisciplinary and interprofessional collabora- tion and the impact of the different approaches on effective pharmaceutical care. Chapter 7 focuses on medication reconciliation and review, as an essential part of pharmaceuticalcare.Itdescribesthedifferentformsofthesystematicprocessesthat aim to increase patient safety as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of phar- macotherapy. Chapter 8 sets the scene for aspects of documentation of pharma- ceutical care activities, an aspect further detailed during Chap. 9, where quality control is described, including the development and validation of guidelines and protocols to be used in practice. This part concludes with Chaps. 10, 11, and 12, wheretherelatedconceptsofindicators,theSPO(structure,process,andoutcome) paradigm,andtheECHOmodel(economic,clinical,andhumanisticoutcomes)are discussed, culminating on the recommendations for the development of Core Outcomes Set (COS) for achieving evidence that may be combined and processed leadingtomore robustevidenceonthevalue ofpharmaceuticalcare interventions. PartIII,comprisingChaps.13–17,weaimtoprovideanoverviewofthelevelof progress in the implementation of pharmaceutical care in the five continents, mentioningrelevantlegislation,practicalinitiatives,andresearch.Itindicatessome ofthepossibilitiesforpharmaceuticalcarethatthevarioushealthcaresystemsoffer. Part IV deals with implementation theory and practice. Chapter 18 provides a comprehensive review of implementation strategies. This chapter is then comple- mented by Chaps. 19–21, where existing strategies for the implementation of pharmaceutical care at the community level, in nursing homes as well as in hos- pitals and clinics are presented. Part V, comprising Chaps. 22–25, focuses on a more holistic approach to pharmaceutical care, detailing aspects of pharmaceutical care in daily practice that are often forgotten. This part covers the role of pharmaceutical care in dispensing new and repeat prescriptions, OTC medication, the provision of medical devices, and in health promotion and disease prevention. Part VI (Chaps. 26–33) expands pharmaceutical care for patients with specific diseases.Thesechaptersarerecommendedespeciallyforallpharmacistswishingto provideclinicalservicestopatientswithaspecifichealthcondition.Inreality,most patientswillhavemorethanoneofthediseasesdescribed.Butthechapterswillbe mostly useful to understand the particularities of certain types of interventions, indicators or even outcomes, which can then be effectively combined in practice. Thesustainabilityofaservice,suchaspharmaceuticalcare,dependsonensuring the continuity and improvement of the service over time. For this reason, the economicsofthepharmaceuticalcareservicesarecrucial.PartVII,whichincludes Chaps. 34–38, deals with the financial and economic aspects of pharmaceutical care, sharing diverse experiences of payment methods established in different healthcare systems, as a reference to use or adapt in other countries. Finally, because we believe that the future of pharmacy depends also on the coming generations, Part VIII, with Chaps. 39 and 40, discusses the practical aspects of education. They deal with teaching pharmaceutical care in university, Preface vii and during continuous professional development. The latter is also applicable to otherhealthcareprofessionalscontributingtoefficientpharmaceuticalcaredelivery, including pharmacy technicians. We are seriously indebted to all 67 authors of this book, who contributed their knowledgeandexpertise.Theirspecificcontributionsarementionedintheauthors’ list. Each of the parts has a chapter coordinator, who acted as a coeditor and sometimes co-author. This book would not have been possible without their help. These chapter coordinators are people with vast experience and recognized contribution to pharmaceutical care. We are therefore especially grateful to Dave Hackney, Hanne Herborg, Kurt E. Hersberger, Martin Henman, Timothy Rennie and Veerle Foulon for their assistance in creating this book. Allchapterswerereviewedbyotherexperts.Oftenoneoftheauthorsassistedin reviewing a chapter created by someone else. But the contribution of external refereesisalsotobeacknowledgedastheyalsogreatlycontributedtoimprovethe final chapter versions by their constructive criticism. These reviewers are (in alphabetical order): Anna Birna Almarsdottir (Denmark), Ana Margarida Advinha (Portugal), Barry Carter (USA), Beata Bajorek (Australia), Cassyano Correr (Brazil), David Woods (New Zealand), Ema Paulino (Portugal), Louise Mallet (Canada),MaryTully(UnitedKingdom),NejcHorvat(Slovenia),ParastouDonyai (United Kingdom), Patrícia Cavaco Silva (Portugal), Pedro Amariles (Colombia), Peter Schneider (Austria), Sabine Vogler (Austria), Ulrich Jaehde (Germany), and Yolande Hanssens (Qatar). Thisbookshowsthepassionofallthosewhohaveparticipatedinitswriting,for the optimal patient outcomes in pharmaceutical care. It brings together the expe- riences of the professional careers of its various authors. We hope that its reading not only provides an inspiration, but we also hope the book is a guide to achieve the increased and thorough implementation of phar- maceutical care in the years to come. This in turn can help the creation of more scientific evidence to support the professional practice of pharmacy and its con- tinuous improvement. Remember: If you believe it, you make it. Lisboa, Portugal Dr. Filipa Alves da Costa Zuidlaren, The Netherlands Dr. J. W. Foppe van Mil Lima, Peru Dr. Aldo Alvarez-Risco Coordinating Editors The original version of this book was revised: The affiliation of editor, Professor Filipa Alves da Costa has been updated. The erratum to this book is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9_41 Contents Part I What is Pharmaceutical Care 1 Definitions of Pharmaceutical Care and Related Concepts . . . . . . . 3 J. W. Foppe van Mil 2 Pharmaceutical Care and the Role of Drug-Related Problems . . . . 11 Tommy Westerlund Part II Pharmaceutical Care Processes 3 Pharmaceutical Care and the Role of the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Sophie Liekens and Veerle Foulon 4 Pharmaceutical Care and Patient Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Afonso Cavaco 5 The Role of Adherence in Pharmaceutical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Parisa Aslani, Rana Ahmed and Filipa Alves da Costa 6 The Role of Interprofessional Communication in Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Veerle Foulon, Joke Wuyts, Sophie Liekens and Giannoula Tsakitzidis 7 Medication Review and Medication Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Nina Griese-Mammen, Martin Schulz, Fabienne Böni and Kurt E. Hersberger 8 Documenting Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Tommy Westerlund 9 Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Care: Guidelines and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Martina Teichert ix x Contents 10 Structure, Process, and Outcome, and Their Indicators . . . . . . . . . 107 Martina Teichert 11 Economical, Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes and Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Heather E. Barry and Carmel M. Hughes 12 The Role of Core Outcome Sets for Pharmaceutical Care Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Anna Millar, Audrey Rankin, Mairead McGrattan, Maureen Spargo and Carmel M. Hughes Part III Pharmaceutical Care Around the World 13 Pharmaceutical Care in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Lawrence Brown and Enrique Seoane-Vazquez 14 Pharmaceutical Care in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Filipa Alves da Costa 15 Pharmaceutical Care in Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Timothy F. Chen and Prasad S. Nishtala 16 Pharmaceutical Care in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Aldo Alvarez-Risco and Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales 17 Pharmaceutical Care in Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Shaun Wen Huey Lee and J. Simon Bell Part IV Implementing Pharmaceutical Care in Different Settings 18 Pharmaceutical Care and Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Victoria Garcia-Cardenas, Charlotte Rossing and S. I. (Charlie) Benrimoj 19 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Community Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Charlotte Rossing, S. I. (Charlie) Benrimoj and Victoria Garcia-Cardenas 20 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Nursing Homes . . . . . . 225 Carmel M. Hughes 21 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Hospitals and Clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Ulrika Gillespie Contents xi Part V Delivering Pharmaceutical Care in Practice 22 Pharmaceutical Care and Dispensing Medicines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Luís Lourenço, J. W. Foppe van Mil and Martin Henman 23 OTC Medication and Pharmaceutical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Vivien Tong and Parisa Aslani 24 Care Around Medical Devices: Infusion Sets and Devices . . . . . . . 277 Claire Chapuis, Lise Bernard, Pierrick Bedouch and Valérie Sautou 25 Pharmaceutical Care, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Claire Anderson Part VI Pharmaceutical Care for Specific Patient Groups 26 Pharmaceutical Care in the Aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Cristín Ryan and Máire O’Dwyer 27 Pharmaceutical Care in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Maria Cordina 28 Pharmaceutical Care in Type-2 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Ines Krass and Kreshnik Hoti 29 Pharmaceutical Care and Cardiovascular Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Martin Schulz, Katrin Krueger, Nina Griese-Mammen and Ross Tsuyuki 30 Pharmaceutical Care for Patients Receiving Anticoagulation . . . . . 369 Sotiris Antoniou, Maria Pinto da Silva and Jagjot Kaur Chahal 31 Pharmaceutical Care in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Rebekah Moles and Stephen Carter 32 Pharmaceutical Care for Cancer Outpatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Jaqueline G. Hugtenburg, Lonneke Timmers and Jan Jacob Beckeringh 33 Pharmaceutical Care in Viral Diseases (HIV and Hepatitis C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Susan Kamal, Olivier Bugnon and Marie-Paule Schneider Part VII Remuneration of Pharmaceutical Care 34 Introduction to Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Mitja Kos
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