The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology

616 Pages·2008·16.342 MB·English

by  Dan P. McAdams

THEP ERSON
ANI NTRODUCTTIOOT NH ES CIENCE
OFP ERSONALPISTYYC HOLOGY
FiftEhd ition
DAN P. McADAMS
Northwestern University
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ISBN9-7183-:0 -470-12913-5
Prinitnte hUden itSetadot fAe mse rica
109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
TOT HEM EMORYO FM Y TWO TEACHERS
GeorWg. Geo ethals
(1920-1995)
DaviCd. M cClelland
(1917-1998)
About the Author
DanM cPA.d raecemivesd h is PhD in personality and developmental psychology from Harvard
University in 1979. He is a Professor of Psychology and of Human Development and Social
Policy at Northwestern University, where he also directs the Foley Center for the Study of Lives.
Dr. McAdams has won numerous teaching awards at Northwestern, including the Charles Deering
McCormick endowed chair in Teaching Excellence. A leading personality researcher, he has written
over 150 scientific articles and chapters, as well as written or edited 13 books, on such topics as
the nature of intimacy and identity in human lives, the development of generativity in adulthood,
themes of redemption and contamination in American life stories, and other aspects of personality
structure and process, human motivation, and psychological development across the human life
course. Dr. McAdams' s 2006 book, The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By, won the American
Psychological Association's William James Award for best general-interest book in psychology, across
all subfields. Among the book's other honors are the 2007 Association of American Publishers'
Award for top prize in Psychology and Cognitive Science. He is also the winner of the 1989
Henry A. Murray Award for excellence in personality research and the study of lives and the 2006
Theodore Sarb in Award for contributions to theoretical and philosophical psychology. His work has
been frequently featured in such media outlets as the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Psychology
Today, Newsweek, Self magazine, and Good Morning America.
v
Brief Contents
PREFACExix
Part I
THEB ACKGROUNPDE:R SONHSU,M ANN ATUREA,N DC ULTURE1
Chapter 1
• STUDYINTGH EP ERSON2
Chapter2
EVOLUTIAONND H UMANN ATURE3 1
•
Chapter3
SOCIALLE ARNINAGN DC ULTURE67
•
Part II
SKETCHITNHGE O UTLINDEI:S POSITIOTNRAALI TASN DT HEP REDICTION
OFB EHAVIOR10 5
Chapter4
• PERSONALITTRYA ITFSU:N DAMENTCAOLN CEPTASN DI SSUE10S6
Chapters
FIVBEA SITCR AITS-ITNH E BRAAINND I NB EHAVIO1R55
•
Chapter6
CONTINUIATNYD C HANGEI NT RAITTSH:E R OLEOSF G ENES,
ENVIRONMENATNSD,T IME2 05
•
vii
viii BRIEF CONTENTS
Part III
FILLIINNGT HED ETAILCSH:A RACTERISATDIACP TATIOTNOSL IFTEA SKS2 53
Chapter 7
MOTIVEASN DG OALSW:H AT Do WE WANTI NL IFE2?54
•
ChapterB
SELAFN DO THERS:O CIAL-COGNIATSIPVEEC TOSFP ERSONALI30T1Y
•
Chapter9
DEVELOPMENTSATLA GEASN DT ASKS34 5
•
Part IV
MAKINGA LIFET:H ES TORIEWSE LIVEB Y 385
Chapter 10
LIFSEC RIPTLSI,F SET ORIE38S6
•
Chapter 11
THEI NTERPRETATOIFSO TNO RIEFSR:O MF REUDT OT ODAY4 29
•
Chapter 12
WRITINSGT ORIOEFSL IVEBSI:O GRAPAHNYD L IFCEO URSE47 5
•
GLOSSARY51 1
REFERENCE5S25
CREDITS57 5
NAMEI NDEX5 79
SUBJECITN DEX5 88
Contents
PREFACExix
Part I
THEB ACKGROUNPDE:R SONHSU,M ANN ATUREA,N DC ULTURE1
Chapter 1
• STUDYINTGH EP ERSON2
WHAT Do WE KNowW HEN WE KNowA PERSON?3
SKCETHINAGNO ULTI:ND EISPOSITTRIAOIN4TAS L
FILLIINTN HGDE E ATISLC:H ARACTEARDIATSPATTIICO N6S
CONSTRNUGCA TS ITORIYTN:E GARTILVIENF AER ARTIV9E S
SCIENCAEN DT HEP ERSON1 1
STE1P U :NS YSTEMOABTSIVECATR ION1 2
STE2PB: U IDLINTGH EORI1E3S
STE3PE: V ALTUIANPGR POOISTIO1NS5
Setting Up an Empirical Study 16
The Correlational Design 18
The Experimental Design 2 0
PERSONALIPTSYY CHOLOG2Y1
THPEA SATN D TPHREE SE2N2T
Fetau1r.eGA o:r dAolpnlo arnttd h Oer ingsoifP esrolniaPtsyy lcohgo2y 5
ORGAINAZTIOONFT HIBSO OK2 7
SUMMARY2 8
Chapter2
EVOLUTIOANN DH UMANN ATURE3 1
•
ON HUMANN ATUREO:U RE VOLUTIONAHREYR ITAGE3 2
PRIINLPCES EOVFO LUTI3O2N
ix
X CONTENTS
THEEN VIRONOMFEE NVOTL TUIONAARDYAT PEDSNSE3 5
Feat2u.rTAeh:E e v oluofRt eiloing 3i o7n
THAED APTMEIDN D3 9
MATNIG 42
GETTINAGL ONAGN DG ETTINAGH AED 47
Fetau2r.eSB o:m Weo me(na Mnedn A)r Ceh ooTshiaenr
OtheSrosc:i olsiet4xy8u a
HURTINGH,E LPINAGN,D L OVINGT:H REEF ACES
OFH uMANNATURE5 0
AGGRESSI5O1N
ALTRUIS5M4
ATATCHMEN5T7
SUMMARY6 5
Chapter3
SOCIALLE ARNINAGN DC ULTURE6 7
•
BEHAVIORIASNMD S OCIAL-LEARNING T6H8EO RY
AMERAINEC NVOINRMENTALTIHSBEM E:HV AIOTRT IRASDITI6O8N
EXPEACNTCIAENSDV ALUE7S 4
BADNUAR'SSO CI-LAELAIRNNTGH EOR7Y6
Observational Learning 76
Self-Efficacy 78
THES OCIAELC OLOGOYF HUMABNE HAVIOR8 0
Fetau3r.eHA o:wS huolPda reRnatiTssh eeC ihri ld8re1n ?
MIRCOCONTETXHTSESO :C ISAILTT UIAON8 3
MACROCOXNTTSSE:O CISATRLU TCURE8 5
GENDAESAR M ACROCTOENXT8 7
CUTLURE9 0
Individualism and Collectivism 92
Modernity 96
Feat3u.rRBea: ca enP de rsoinntah lUein tyi Sttetade s9 7
HITSORY9 9
SUMMARY1 02
Part II
SKETCHITNHGE O UTLINDEI:S POSITIOTNRAALI TS
ANDT HEP REDICTIOOFNB EHAVIOR1 05
CONTENTS xi
Chapter4
PERSONALITTRYA ITFSU:N DAMENTCAOLN CEPTS
B ANDI SSUE1S0 6
THEI DEAO FT RAIT1 80
WHAT TIRSA IA1T 0 ?8
AB RFIH EITSOROYF T RAIT1S1 1
Gordon Allport 131
Raymond B. Cattell 115
Hans Eysenck 161
THE FBIIAVGNE DR ELAMTEODD ESL 191
Fetau4r.eWA h:a itYs ou rTy ep?Th Sec ieSnttaiotfiftuc hs e
Myersr-iBggTsyep I ndirc 1a4t2 o
MEASURINTGR AITS1 52
CONSTTRIUNCAGT RAMIETSA UER 152
CRITEOFR IGAAO ODM ESAUER 128
TRAIIVNTE NOTRIE1S03
Feat4u.NrBae:cr issTihTserm ia:otf E xceSsfesL-liovve1e 13
PERSONATLRAIITATYNS DP ERSONADLIOISRTDYSE R163
THEC ONTROVEROSVYE RT RAITS1 24
MISECLHC'RSI TIQ13U4 E
AGGGRAETNIGB HEAVIO1R5S4
ITNEARCTOINIM S184
Persons versus Situations versus Interactions 184
Reciprocal Interactionism 194
Traits as Conditional Statements 105
CONCLUS1I2O5 N
SUMMARY1 35
Chapter 5
FIVBEA SITCR AITS-ITNH EB RAIN
B ANDI NB EHAVIO1R5 5
E:
EXTRAVERSI1O7N5
SOCIBAHELA VIAONRDC OGINTIPVEEOR RFMANC1E75
FEELGIONOGD 1 95
N:N EUROTICIS1M36
Fetau5r.eExA t:r eSmpoer atnstd h See nsaSteieokTinarn-igt1 46
THMEA NWYA YTSO F EEBLA D1 66
xii CONTENTS
STREASNSDC OPNIG 196
Feat5u.ArBre:We e L iviintn hgAe g oeAf nixety1?07
EXTRAVERSIAONNDN EUROTICIISNMT HEB RAIN1 27
EYESNCAKN DT HE OTRYH EOAFR OUASL 127
THBEE HVAIORAAPLPO RACHS YSTE1M57
THBEHE AVIOIRNABHLTI IIOSNY STE1M77
LEFATN DR IGH1T18
0:O PENNESTSO E XPERIENC1E38
CORRAETLEOSF 01 58
THAEU THORITARPIEARNS ONA1L0I9 TY
C A:
AND CONSCIENTIOUSANNEDSA SG REEABLENE1S29S
WORK1 39
LOVE1 59
LIF1E79
Feat5uC.:rE yes enPcskcy'hso tiLcoAiw,sL mo:w C, and Some
OthBearTd h in1g8s9
SUMMARY2 01
Chapter6
CONTINUIATNYD C HANGEI NT RAITTSH:E R OLES
OFG ENESE,N VIRONMENATNSD,T IME2 05
•
THEC ONTINUIOTFYT RAITS2 07
TWOK INODFSC ONNTUITIY 207
DFIFETRIEANCLO NNTUIITIYNT HE ATDY UELAR2S1 0
CHLIDOHODP RECURSFORROTSME: M PERATMOET NRTA I2TS1 3
THEO RIGINOSF T RAITGSE!N ESA NDE NVIRONMENT2S1 8
THLEO GOICFT WIANN DA DOPTISOTDNUI SE 219
HERAIBITTLYIE STIMOAFTT ERSA I2T2S 2
SHAREENDVR IONMTE N225
NONSAHREEDN VIRONM2E2N7T
Feat6u.rBAei: r Otrhd AeN ron: sheadEr nviroEnffmceetn2 t2a8l
HOWG ENSSE HAEPNEV IREONNTMS2 29
GENEE NVIRONIMTNEENRTTA ICONNSEW: F INNDGIS
x
FRONMEU ROCSIEN2C3E2
CHANGEA NDC OMPLEXIT2Y3 6
DFIFERMEENATIN GNSO FC HANGE 236
TRACIHTA NGEI NT HAED UTLY EAR2S3 8
PATTERONFST RAIOTVSET RI M2E4 4