The Peripheral Nervous System

535 Pages·1974·9.053 MB·English

by  Henry deF. Webster (auth.), John I. Hubbard (eds.)

THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edited by
John I. Hubbard
Department 0/ Physiology
University 0/ Otago
Dunedin, New Zealand
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hubbard, John I 1930-
The peripheral nervous system.
Includes bibliographies.
1. Nerves, Peripheral. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Peripheral nerves. W1500
H875p 1974]
QP365.5.H8 612'.81 74-6258
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1974
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8701-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8699-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9
Contributors
Eric A. Barnard Ainsley Iggo
Departments of Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Physiology
and Biochemical Pharmacology University of Edinburgh
State University of New York Edinburgh, Scotland
Buffalo, New York, USA
David M. Jacobowitz
Christopher Bell
Laboratory of Clinical Science
Department of Zoology
National Institute of Mental Health
University of Melbourne
Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Victoria, Australia
T. J. Biscoe Margaret R. Matthews
Department of Physiology Department of Human Anatomy
University of Bristol Oxford University
Bristol, England Oxford, England
J. G. Blackman
P. B. C. Matthews
Department of Pharmacology
University of Otago Medical School University Laboratory of Physiology
Dunedin, New Zealand Oxford University
Oxford, England
Geoffrey Burnstock
Department of Zoology Syogoro Nishi
University of Melbourne
Neurophysiology Laboratory,
Victoria, Australia Department of Pharmacology
Mohyee E. Eldefrawi Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood, Illinois, USA
Section of Neurobiology and Behavior
Cornell University
Denis Noble
Ithaca, New York, USA
Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford University
Lloyd Guth University Lecturer in Physiology
Laboratory of Neurochemistry Oxford, England
National Institute of Neurological
Diseases and Stroke Sidney Ochs
Public Health Service,
Department of Physiology
Department of Health, Education and Welfare Indiana University Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland, USA Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Arthur Hess
Department of Anatomy Henry deF. Webster
Rutgers Medical School Head, Section on Cellular Neuropathology
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Laboratory of Neuropathology
and Neuroanatomical Sciences
John I. Hubbard National Institute of Neurological
Department of Physiology, Medical School Diseases and Stroke
University of Otago Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Dunedin, New Zealand
Carlton C. Hunt J. G. Widdicombe
Department of Physiology and Biophysics Department of Physiology
Washington University School of Medicine St. George's Hospital Medical School
St. LOllis, Missouri, USA London, England
Preface
The peripheral nervous system is usually defined as the cranial nerves, spinal
nerves, and peripheral ganglia which lie outside the brain and spinal cord. To
describe the structure and function of this system in one book may have been
possible last century. Today, only a judicious selection is possible. It may be
fairly claimed that the title of this book is not misleading, for in keeping the
text within bounds only accounts of olfaction, vision, audition, and vestibular
function have been omitted, and as popularly understood these topics fall
into the category of special senses.
This book contains a comprehensive treatment of the structure and
function of peripheral nerves (including axoplasmic flow and trophic func
tions); junctional regions in the autonomic and somatic divisions of the
peripheral nervous system; receptors in skin, tongue, and deeper tissues; and
the integrative role of ganglia. It is thus a handbook of the peripheral nervous
system as it is usually understood for teaching purposes.
The convenience of having this material inside one set of covers is already
proven, for my colleagues were borrowing parts of the text even while the
book was in manuscript. It is my belief that lecturers will find here the
information they need, while graduate students will be able to get a sound
yet easily read account of results of research in their area.
JOHN 1. HUBBARD
vii
Contents
SECTION I-PERIPHERAL NERVE
Chapter 1
Peripheral Nerve Structure 3
Henry deF. Webster
1. Introduction . 3
2. Histology and Development 3
3. The Axon 7
3.1. Filaments and Microtubules 8
3.2. Other Organelles and the Axolemma 14
4. Sheaths ofAxons 15
4.1. Schwann Cells . 15
4.2. Myelin 16
4.3. Function of Schwann Cells and Their Myelin Sheaths 18
4.4. Connective Tissue Sheaths . 20
5. References 20
Chapter 2
The Nerve Impulse 27
Denis Noble
1. Introduction . 27
2. Passive Electrical Properties 28
3. Voltage-Clamp Analysis of the Ionic Current 32
4. Momentary Current-Voltage Relations 35
5. The Threshold Conditions for Excitation 37
6. Factors Determining Conduction Velocity 42
7. References 45
ix
x Contents
Chapter 3
Axoplasmic Transport-Energy Metabolism and Mechanism 47
Sidney Ochs
1. Introduction . 47
2. Fast Axoplasmic Transport 49
2.1. Characterization 49
2.2. Mechanism and Energy Supply 53
2.3. Transport and Membrane Function 61
3. Slow Axoplasmic Transport 64
3.1. Characterization 64
3.2. Mechanism 65
4. References 67
SECTION lIA-JUNCTlONAL TRANSMISSION-STRUCTURE
Chapter 4
Neuromuscular Junctions and Electric Organs 75
Arthur Hess
1. Introduction . 75
2. The Typical Neuromuscular Junction. 75
2.1. Distribution and Location of Nerve Terminals 76
2.2. The Axon 76
2.3. The Synaptic Space . 78
2.4. Postj unctional Muscle Fiber 78
3. Variations of Motor End Plates 79
3.1. Variations from Class to Class 79
3.2. Endings on Slow-Twitch and Rapid-Twitch Fibers 81
3.3. Endings on Slow Tonic Muscle Fibers 81
4. Electric Organs 82
4.1. Electrocytes 85
4.2. Innervation and Ultrastructure 85
5. References 86
Chapter 5
The Peripheral Autonomic System 87
David M. Jacobowitz
1. Anatomical Considerations: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Divisions 87
Contents xi
2. Morphological Observations 89
2.1. Preganglionic Neurons 89
2.2. Postganglionic Neurons 90
2.3. Adrenal and Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells 103
3. References 107
Chapter 6
Ultrastructure of Ganglionic Junctions 111
Margaret R. Matthews
1. General Considerations 111
2. Sympathetic Ganglia 112
2. I. Amphibia 112
2.2. Reptiles 118
2.3. Mammals 118
2.4. Some Effects of Different Fixatives 132
3. Parasympathetic Ganglia 133
3.1. Ciliary Ganglion 133
3.2. Otic Ganglion 140
3.3. Ganglia of the Enteric Plexuses 140
3.4. Cardiac Ganglion Cells 142
4. Summary and Comment 143
5. References 144
SECTION lIB-JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION-FUNCTION
Chapter 7(i)
Neuromuscular Transmission-Presynaptic Factors 151
John l. Hubbard
1. Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Acetylcholine 151
1.1. Synthesis of ACh 151
1.2. Storage and Release . 154
2. The Acceleration of Release by Nerve Impulses 161
2.1. The Role of the Nerve Impulse . 161
2.2. The Role of Ca2+ 165
2.3. After-Effects of Depolarization-Secretion Coupling 172
3. References 174
xii Contents
Chapter 7 (U)
Neuromuscular Transmission-The Transmitter-Receptor Combination 181
M ohyee E. Eldefrawi
1. Introduction . 181
2. Molecular Basis of Chemoelectric Transduction 182
3. Pharmacology. 187
4. Chemical Nature of the Acetylcholine Receptor 192
5. Desensitization 195
6. References 196
Chapter 7 (iii)
Neuromuscular Transmission-Enzymatic Destruction of Acetylcholine 201
Eric A. Barnard
1. Location and Measurement of Cholinesterases at the Junction 201
1.1. Histochemical Staining 202
1.2. Microchemical Methods 202
1.3. Assay of External AChE 203
1.4. Radioautographic Methods 203
2. Amounts and Types of Cholinesterase at the Junctions 207
3. Requirement for AChE in Impulse Transmission 209
4. Relation of AChE to ACh-Receptors . 214
5. Quantitative Relation of AChE to ACh at the End Plate 216
6. References 219
Chapter 8
Ganglionic Transmission 225
Syogoro Nishi
1. Introduction . 225
2. Response of Autonomic Ganglia to Preganglionic Volleys 226
2.1. Response of Normal Ganglia 227
2.2. Response of Curarized Ganglia . 227
2.3. Slow Ganglionic Responses and Afterdischarges 230
3. Electrical Constants of Ganglion Cell Membrane 231
4. Action Potentials of Single Ganglion Cells . 234
4.1. Response to Antidromic Stimulation . 234
4.2. Response to Direct Intracellular Stimulation 236
4.3. Response to Orthodromic Stimulation. 236
4.4. Ionic Requirement for Generation of Action Potential 238
Contents xiii
5. Nature and Electrogenesis of Postsynaptic Potentials 238
5.1. The" Fast" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 238
5.2. The" Slow" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 242
5.3. The" Late Slow" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 244
5.4. The" Slow" Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential 245
6. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors at Preganglionic Nerve
Terminals 247
6.1. Cholinergic Receptor Site 247
6.2. Adrenergic Receptor Site 248
7. References 250
Chapter 9
Function of Autonomic Ganglia 257
J. G. Blackman
1. Introduction 257
2. Ganglia as Coordinating Centers 257
2.1. The Relay Hypothesis of Ganglionic Function 257
2.2. Development of a Stochastic Hypothesis 258
3. Experimental Evidence 261
3.1. Observed Patterns of Innervation 261
3.2. Ganglionic Activity and Factors Influencing It 266
3.3. Relative Autonomy of Ganglia 272
4. Conclusions 273
5. References 274
Chapter 10
Peripheral Autonomic Transmission 277
Geoffrey Burnstock and Christopher Bell
1. Introduction 277
2. Definition of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction . 278
2.1. Relation of Nerve Fibers to Muscle Effector Bundles 278
2.2. Relation of Nerve Fibers to Individual Smooth Muscle Cells 280
3. Adrenergic Transmission . 285
3.1. Introduction 285
3.2. Structure of Adrenergic Neurons and Storage of Noradrenaline 286
3.3. Electrophysiology of Adrenergic Transmission 288
3.4. Ionic Basis of the Action of Catecholamines on the Post-
junctional Membrane 296
3.5. Summary. 298