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The Peripheral Nervous System PDF

535 Pages·1974·9.053 MB·English
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THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Edited by John I. Hubbard Department 0/ Physiology University 0/ Otago Dunedin, New Zealand PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hubbard, John I 1930- The peripheral nervous system. Includes bibliographies. 1. Nerves, Peripheral. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Peripheral nerves. W1500 H875p 1974] QP365.5.H8 612'.81 74-6258 © 1974 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8701-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8699-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9 Contributors Eric A. Barnard Ainsley Iggo Departments of Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemical Pharmacology University of Edinburgh State University of New York Edinburgh, Scotland Buffalo, New York, USA David M. Jacobowitz Christopher Bell Laboratory of Clinical Science Department of Zoology National Institute of Mental Health University of Melbourne Bethesda, Maryland, USA Victoria, Australia T. J. Biscoe Margaret R. Matthews Department of Physiology Department of Human Anatomy University of Bristol Oxford University Bristol, England Oxford, England J. G. Blackman P. B. C. Matthews Department of Pharmacology University of Otago Medical School University Laboratory of Physiology Dunedin, New Zealand Oxford University Oxford, England Geoffrey Burnstock Department of Zoology Syogoro Nishi University of Melbourne Neurophysiology Laboratory, Victoria, Australia Department of Pharmacology Mohyee E. Eldefrawi Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, Illinois, USA Section of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Denis Noble Ithaca, New York, USA Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford University Lloyd Guth University Lecturer in Physiology Laboratory of Neurochemistry Oxford, England National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Sidney Ochs Public Health Service, Department of Physiology Department of Health, Education and Welfare Indiana University Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland, USA Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Arthur Hess Department of Anatomy Henry deF. Webster Rutgers Medical School Head, Section on Cellular Neuropathology New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomical Sciences John I. Hubbard National Institute of Neurological Department of Physiology, Medical School Diseases and Stroke University of Otago Bethesda, Maryland, USA Dunedin, New Zealand Carlton C. Hunt J. G. Widdicombe Department of Physiology and Biophysics Department of Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. George's Hospital Medical School St. LOllis, Missouri, USA London, England Preface The peripheral nervous system is usually defined as the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia which lie outside the brain and spinal cord. To describe the structure and function of this system in one book may have been possible last century. Today, only a judicious selection is possible. It may be fairly claimed that the title of this book is not misleading, for in keeping the text within bounds only accounts of olfaction, vision, audition, and vestibular function have been omitted, and as popularly understood these topics fall into the category of special senses. This book contains a comprehensive treatment of the structure and function of peripheral nerves (including axoplasmic flow and trophic func tions); junctional regions in the autonomic and somatic divisions of the peripheral nervous system; receptors in skin, tongue, and deeper tissues; and the integrative role of ganglia. It is thus a handbook of the peripheral nervous system as it is usually understood for teaching purposes. The convenience of having this material inside one set of covers is already proven, for my colleagues were borrowing parts of the text even while the book was in manuscript. It is my belief that lecturers will find here the information they need, while graduate students will be able to get a sound yet easily read account of results of research in their area. JOHN 1. HUBBARD vii Contents SECTION I-PERIPHERAL NERVE Chapter 1 Peripheral Nerve Structure 3 Henry deF. Webster 1. Introduction . 3 2. Histology and Development 3 3. The Axon 7 3.1. Filaments and Microtubules 8 3.2. Other Organelles and the Axolemma 14 4. Sheaths ofAxons 15 4.1. Schwann Cells . 15 4.2. Myelin 16 4.3. Function of Schwann Cells and Their Myelin Sheaths 18 4.4. Connective Tissue Sheaths . 20 5. References 20 Chapter 2 The Nerve Impulse 27 Denis Noble 1. Introduction . 27 2. Passive Electrical Properties 28 3. Voltage-Clamp Analysis of the Ionic Current 32 4. Momentary Current-Voltage Relations 35 5. The Threshold Conditions for Excitation 37 6. Factors Determining Conduction Velocity 42 7. References 45 ix x Contents Chapter 3 Axoplasmic Transport-Energy Metabolism and Mechanism 47 Sidney Ochs 1. Introduction . 47 2. Fast Axoplasmic Transport 49 2.1. Characterization 49 2.2. Mechanism and Energy Supply 53 2.3. Transport and Membrane Function 61 3. Slow Axoplasmic Transport 64 3.1. Characterization 64 3.2. Mechanism 65 4. References 67 SECTION lIA-JUNCTlONAL TRANSMISSION-STRUCTURE Chapter 4 Neuromuscular Junctions and Electric Organs 75 Arthur Hess 1. Introduction . 75 2. The Typical Neuromuscular Junction. 75 2.1. Distribution and Location of Nerve Terminals 76 2.2. The Axon 76 2.3. The Synaptic Space . 78 2.4. Postj unctional Muscle Fiber 78 3. Variations of Motor End Plates 79 3.1. Variations from Class to Class 79 3.2. Endings on Slow-Twitch and Rapid-Twitch Fibers 81 3.3. Endings on Slow Tonic Muscle Fibers 81 4. Electric Organs 82 4.1. Electrocytes 85 4.2. Innervation and Ultrastructure 85 5. References 86 Chapter 5 The Peripheral Autonomic System 87 David M. Jacobowitz 1. Anatomical Considerations: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions 87 Contents xi 2. Morphological Observations 89 2.1. Preganglionic Neurons 89 2.2. Postganglionic Neurons 90 2.3. Adrenal and Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells 103 3. References 107 Chapter 6 Ultrastructure of Ganglionic Junctions 111 Margaret R. Matthews 1. General Considerations 111 2. Sympathetic Ganglia 112 2. I. Amphibia 112 2.2. Reptiles 118 2.3. Mammals 118 2.4. Some Effects of Different Fixatives 132 3. Parasympathetic Ganglia 133 3.1. Ciliary Ganglion 133 3.2. Otic Ganglion 140 3.3. Ganglia of the Enteric Plexuses 140 3.4. Cardiac Ganglion Cells 142 4. Summary and Comment 143 5. References 144 SECTION lIB-JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION-FUNCTION Chapter 7(i) Neuromuscular Transmission-Presynaptic Factors 151 John l. Hubbard 1. Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Acetylcholine 151 1.1. Synthesis of ACh 151 1.2. Storage and Release . 154 2. The Acceleration of Release by Nerve Impulses 161 2.1. The Role of the Nerve Impulse . 161 2.2. The Role of Ca2+ 165 2.3. After-Effects of Depolarization-Secretion Coupling 172 3. References 174 xii Contents Chapter 7 (U) Neuromuscular Transmission-The Transmitter-Receptor Combination 181 M ohyee E. Eldefrawi 1. Introduction . 181 2. Molecular Basis of Chemoelectric Transduction 182 3. Pharmacology. 187 4. Chemical Nature of the Acetylcholine Receptor 192 5. Desensitization 195 6. References 196 Chapter 7 (iii) Neuromuscular Transmission-Enzymatic Destruction of Acetylcholine 201 Eric A. Barnard 1. Location and Measurement of Cholinesterases at the Junction 201 1.1. Histochemical Staining 202 1.2. Microchemical Methods 202 1.3. Assay of External AChE 203 1.4. Radioautographic Methods 203 2. Amounts and Types of Cholinesterase at the Junctions 207 3. Requirement for AChE in Impulse Transmission 209 4. Relation of AChE to ACh-Receptors . 214 5. Quantitative Relation of AChE to ACh at the End Plate 216 6. References 219 Chapter 8 Ganglionic Transmission 225 Syogoro Nishi 1. Introduction . 225 2. Response of Autonomic Ganglia to Preganglionic Volleys 226 2.1. Response of Normal Ganglia 227 2.2. Response of Curarized Ganglia . 227 2.3. Slow Ganglionic Responses and Afterdischarges 230 3. Electrical Constants of Ganglion Cell Membrane 231 4. Action Potentials of Single Ganglion Cells . 234 4.1. Response to Antidromic Stimulation . 234 4.2. Response to Direct Intracellular Stimulation 236 4.3. Response to Orthodromic Stimulation. 236 4.4. Ionic Requirement for Generation of Action Potential 238 Contents xiii 5. Nature and Electrogenesis of Postsynaptic Potentials 238 5.1. The" Fast" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 238 5.2. The" Slow" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 242 5.3. The" Late Slow" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 244 5.4. The" Slow" Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential 245 6. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors at Preganglionic Nerve Terminals 247 6.1. Cholinergic Receptor Site 247 6.2. Adrenergic Receptor Site 248 7. References 250 Chapter 9 Function of Autonomic Ganglia 257 J. G. Blackman 1. Introduction 257 2. Ganglia as Coordinating Centers 257 2.1. The Relay Hypothesis of Ganglionic Function 257 2.2. Development of a Stochastic Hypothesis 258 3. Experimental Evidence 261 3.1. Observed Patterns of Innervation 261 3.2. Ganglionic Activity and Factors Influencing It 266 3.3. Relative Autonomy of Ganglia 272 4. Conclusions 273 5. References 274 Chapter 10 Peripheral Autonomic Transmission 277 Geoffrey Burnstock and Christopher Bell 1. Introduction 277 2. Definition of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction . 278 2.1. Relation of Nerve Fibers to Muscle Effector Bundles 278 2.2. Relation of Nerve Fibers to Individual Smooth Muscle Cells 280 3. Adrenergic Transmission . 285 3.1. Introduction 285 3.2. Structure of Adrenergic Neurons and Storage of Noradrenaline 286 3.3. Electrophysiology of Adrenergic Transmission 288 3.4. Ionic Basis of the Action of Catecholamines on the Post- junctional Membrane 296 3.5. Summary. 298

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