The People's Uprising in the Congo (Kinshasa) 1964-1968: The Way of Patrice Lumumba and Pierre Mulele

17 Pages·1973·1.899 MB·English

by  Ludo Martens

•-.TheW ay of· .
Patrice Lumumba and Pierre Mulele
The People's Uprising·
• in the Congo . ·
(Kinshasa).·
1964 - 1968/
/
•
Ludo Dt1artens
Labour Party of Belgium
Pierre Mulelet ake·su p the
torch of Patrice Lumumba
Mobutu, one of Lumumba's •M ouvement National· Congo mumba met and left for Stan
murderers, tried to obscure lais-Lumumba, became the . leyville: Lumumba stopped in
and falsify the thought of his second most important natio- - many villages, making spee
victim by declaring him a 'na nalist party. ches and mobilising the peop
tional hero' and presenting In June 1960, Mulele was Mi le. At one point, when Lumum
himself as one of his 'disci nister of Education and Culture ba and Mulele had just crossed
ples'. The same Mobutu tried in Lumumba's Government. the Sankuru River, Lumumba
to erase what Pierre Mulele did The clerical circles started to wanted to go back to the South
from history by covering it with panic. They had the monopoly bank of the river, where his wi
a deadly silence, seasoned of schooling and feared natio fe and child were. Lumumba's
with some insults. nalisation. Mulele was known soldiers had already. reached
For the progressive forces of • for his opposition to both impe the South bank but Lumumba
the world, the names of Lu rialism and the religion that wanted to join his wife all the
mumba and Mulele are linked went with it. Kamitatu, Minister same. His companions beg
together forever; as were their of Planning, declared in Janu ged him to continue on .h is
patriotic and revolutionary ary 1964, in a violent attack way : 'to go back is to go to
achievements. against Mulele : 'Pierre Mulele wards death'. Lumumba was
What Pierre Mulele did has a , has been well-known since his arrested by the Mobutist sol
profound significance for the youth for his extremism and his diers. The consequences are
entire African continent. He atheism. When he was only only too well-known. •
triggered off the first important fifteen and still at school in Kin Mulele arrived safely in Stan
people's uprising . against a zambi he tried to convince his leyville where Gizenga led the
neo-colonial regime in inde fellow-students that the myste Lumumbist Government from
pendent Africa. Most of his re ry of a virgin who gave birth to a then on. Mulele was later to
volutionary activity was carried man-god could not be -taken say to Nkrumah, the President
on among. the peasant mas seriously and should not be of Ghana, that, in his opinion
ses. And he was the first in the believed.' (1) Gizenga was 'unable to resist
Congo to draw inspiration from Kamitatu believed in the mys the attacks of the neo-colonia-
Marxism-Leninism in order to tery of the virgin, and he also -lis! forces·.
lead a national democratic re
believed in the magic of the
volution .. Mulele in China
Founding-President. That al
The 'Parti Solidaire Africain' lows him, twenty years later,
On 17 January 1961 Lumum
still to be a faithful Minister of
In. February 1959, Mulele, Gi that same President. ba was killed in the presence of
zenga and Kama created the ··- ·-·•·--------- Tshombe and Munongo.
Parti Solidaire Africain (African With Lumumba on his flight Throughout the world huge de
Solidary Party). Basing himself to Stanleyville monstrations were held to ex
upon the experience of anti press the outrage felt against
colonial struggles in Vietnam, In September 1960, President neo-colonialism in the Congo.
Algeria and Kenya, Mulele fo Kasavubu dismissed Lumum About twenty countries recog
resaw a long liberation strug ba, the Prime Minister. But the nised the Gizenga Govern
gle. In December 1959, he latter won a vote of confidence ment.
went to Conakry. In Guinea, he in Parliament. On 13 Septem Gizenga did not understand
-wanted to learn from the most ber Parliament gave him full that Mobutu, Kasa-Vubu and
. advanced nationalist expe powers. Soon afterwards Mo Adoula already represented a
riences the African continent butu carried out his first coup. new social class, completely
had known until then. •U ntil Lumumba was in fact Mobu tied to Belgian and American
1958 Belgian colonialism had tu's prisoner. On Lumumba's interests, and that a people's
managed to prevent all con- orders Gizenga went to Stan- revolution would be necessary
. tacts between 'advanced' , leyvi(le to install the legal go to get rid of these people and
Congolese and the progressi vernment there. their imperialist masters.
ve forces of the outside world. On 27 November, Lumumba On August 2nd 1961, Gizenga
In Conakry Mulele met Andree decided to flee from Leopold and Gbenye entered a 'natio
Blouin, a left-wing pan-africa ville. A few days earlier Mulele nal unity' Government, agreed
nist with great talents as an or-/· had left in order to smooth the upon during a. meeting in Lo
ganiser. During April and May way for the Prime Minister's vanium. Gizenga was to be the
1960, she joined Mulele and journey. From then on Mulele first of a long series of nationa
Gizenga in their electoral cam defended the idea that a peop list leaders to follow the route
paign. She managed to lead le's uprising to support the Lu of 'national reconciliation'.
Kwilu's women into the natio mumba Government had to be This 'reconciliation' has al
nal struggle. Four years later, prepared for. With this in mind ways been used either to cor
women were to play an impor he organised, along with Ga rupt or buy the nationalist
tant role in Mulele's maquis. briel Yumbu, a big meeting in leaders outright or else to dis-'
After the elections the PSA, Kikwit on November 26th. A arm them and send them to
which was to the left _Q_ f. the !~~-~§y_s later Mui el~_~ r:ic!::1- ~- priso_!l or to ~eath.
• #fl\
l-.Cilo=f,5103
ivt ~11, ~ re..
Thep eriaold' n atiorneaclo n- 1966d,e scribit:e 'dT hiiss theM ulemlisot vemineK nwt i-
ThKe wiRlue bels
cilialiwona'us s ebdyB elgian hotwh em ilitaprryo ceTehde. y luT. hesyta yaef de wda yosra
anAd merinceaen- co!loonr-ial arrivinea v illagveer eya rilny leww eeiknst h ec amapns d
cetsog eatl irmg riopft heo lli- them ornTinhge.i my mediate-thewn enbta ctkot hev illage
cer_cootfrh peAs rmayn tdog i- lys ummthoenv illagceh ief, whetrhee wir orwk aps ropa-
ve1 1o, ncaen fdo ar lla, na nti- whhoa tsoc onvethnewe hole gandoarg, anisaantiidno tne lli-
nationaanlt,i -popduirleacr ti- villagcela,a nf tecrla Tn.h hee - gencInet .h iws atyh erye cei-
oDnu.r itnhges ampee·r iohdig, h aedvoe fef raaym cchililan yhhn ai sctso l ca onInf.a tr ol vneinaddgp u orilnsiteigacv naemdlm r ailoilt natrtrahyis -. TheM obutteisrtr obre came foreignaesirn st hep asOt. n execubteedtw e3e0n0 a nd
governmolfeicnitaf olsrm ae d chilbdo, oyrg irils,m isstihneg AbbTea rrhaa dth isto s a:y eovf ietm nre oarfeech rotehcdeio EB uceshl.g oiaens trheestoh tahthteh erra e nvMdo,lu ulitesdigo leeonc i nlag- T40hp0eine folupel.e.no .. cft hee C hinese
bureaucrabtico urgeoisie heaodft hec lahna tso p afyo r 'Robeart y, outfhro mth e press'A:t rucakr rivefrdo m tol asat lontgim ea ndth at revoluistsi oenn sientd h ew ay
whosstea ndoalrl idv inwga s thea bsenoclt eh ism ember. Saint-IgHniagSchec hotoolld, Mungindsut.a..i newd ith eveifnh ed ieditw , oucldo nti· Muleslpea rheidms e nll oe llort
simitloath r aottf h eb igs ettlers Heis t orturaendsd, o a reth e meth ahte w aasw aorefe v ery- blooTdh. ed riverer coun• ted nuteil ilt se nrde suHlti.ds eci- tow ino vetrh ein tellectuals
befoinred epende.n ce. parenotfts h ec hildS.o meti- thintgh awt agso inogn O, ne thahte h ahda tdot ransp8o7r t sionis firmE. verybcoadny whhoa adr elativperilvyi leged
Muledliedn owt atnotb ec om- mesth eyb eaat llt hec lan dahye h atdh eg ooludc tkov i- corpsteosb eb urieadll;o f abandito,t hne re voluwtioilln situataionndw erteh erefore
promiisnte hdep arliamentaryc hiefbse cauesvee rywhere sito neo lM ulelyeo'su cthe n- themwe rper isonAerms.o ng stigll oo nh, es ays.' oftednis likbeytdh ep easants.
operastieoutn p b yG izenga sompee opalreem issiHnge.· tresE.v erytthhianhtga ppenedi thems,o m'eB a-jeunesses': 'Mosatl thep rimary-school
andG benHyeeh. a da lready avfyin easr ein flicatendtdh ey int hev illagwea rse poritne d ! Altlh eo thehrasb de epnic ke• d Al iberabteadse teachweresra er resbteytdh e
•u nderstthoaootd,n t h abta sis, evemna natogt aek aew athye gredaet tatoitl h ete amclso se· Ii up at·r ando: mvil lage-not rebeblesc authseewy e rseu s:
thec omplveicteto oryfn eo; chie·lcsl'o thainngde· veens - tot hevi llagTeh.e wrea tsh uas ! abletsa,l lymceunt,t.e lrros m. Thep artisaendsu cabteyd. peeleodfs ympawthityhth e
colonfoiarlc ewsa isn evitable. sent_eivael rydbaeylo• ngings. seriocuosn torovle wrh awta s theo il-wo..r.k s Muledliedn oht avseim pmlyi- Kikwreitg im..A eb o8u0t 0o l
In1 96M1u lewleai snC airIon. Thearere s ometihmoersri ly- saiadn pde opwlehd oa retod Durinthge ier xpedittiohnes , litartya sktsh;e ayl shoa da n themwe rber ougtohM t ulem-
Marc1h9 6h2e le ffto rC hina ingsc enTehse.p yua t ltlh ep e- speiallok tf h em ovemweenret soldiearnsdp olicemkileiln n- equailmly portoarngta nising beM, ulehlee'sa dquaFroter rs.
whehrees tayfeodmr otrhea n oploeft hev illagtheem, eonn ina b awd ayW. hewnew ent discriminaastif et olya ,m use rolteop laTy.h deo cum'Oern· t al ortnigthheth ya dto f ollow
ay eaTr.h eex perieonft hcee • ones ideth, ew omoennt h e intoth eb ussho, mwee ll-ca- themselv(LeasR .'e lev1e , deor fm issoioft hne p artisa•n· s' politiecdaul calteiosnso gnis-,
Chineresevo lugtiroena itnly- otheAr.ltl h em ehna vteol ie• moullaMgeudlep leeo pwlee re Feb'6.4 p,1 0) • isp ermewatietthdh eid eoaf • venb yM ulehleim soerlh f is
teresMteudl eHleew. atsop ut flaot nth efiar ceTsh. me ilitary, therTe.h ewyo uwlda tcthhe
revolutiosnoaldriyeb resin agt aideAs.f tethr ep erioadli n ·
whahte le arinntt por actiinc e andth· ep. olicemwaelnko ·n peopwlehp oa ssbeyad n ldis -
~g independence thes eiviocfte h ep eop:' lTeh e·. structtihoenhy, a tdot akpea rt·
them aquthisah t es eut pin thebira ckTsh: ebye atht em tento w hatht esya id. - entifroer coeft hep artisiasn s ino naec tioorna nothaenard f -
Kwiblue, ginniniJn ugl1y 9 63. withs tickass i f theyw ere Hew antmedet o s penthde
Frotmhe v erbye ginnMinug·, int heh andaslt h ev illagers'. ,t erwarthdesw,y eraes signed
Untthil epno litipcaarl tiienths e dogTsh. eirseb looedv eryw- nighwti thth emin steoaldi n lelec entr•he idsp ropaganda 'Thpea rtisamnussh te ltph e toa f unctiinoo nn oer o theorf
Conwgoe raelel lectmioanc hi• hereT.h ecya. tcgho atasn d thev illagI ea,g reeWdev. isi•
nsietismo,in nets hao enSn ttl! yao gtrMe a.ui nlepuinloneg-- tcrhuicckklefosonaotrshd m,e s e otlidamwi ee(hr3sso) . l'e tweedths aecw apm atproesgn eottsfh Tt hehere.s ree · adreonuhconeandb ste e h eesnmo: 'lolednu tdto teh pee n: vfeilrla.' geevrse rywthheesryeu • f- tthicevaci ll olamg:tem esai smssi-oelencpaeroedrl,tei a-rr,y
derstothoaditn ,o rdteobr reak Itw aosn layf teloru mr onothf s youtwhsh wo erree allyama- imperifaolriscteb syt h em ui- Mulealelw apyas imd ucaht- loa nin struc(tRoer.b' ealliuo n
neo-colrounleiaa,L p eople's thitse rrtohra tht eM ulelbiset-s zedto s eesu cahm ovement dereorfLs umumAsb eac. ond tenti.o tno organistihneg Conpg1 o0 3)
revoluhtiaotdnob eo rganised gatnh ea rmestdr uggAlbeb: e anpdu gt rehaot pineit .(' 3) indepenhdaetsnob c ee!o ught peasajunstasts t h ewye rtea,- Thwisa cso nlirmbyae d de cla·
witthh ec rucsiaulp pooftr ht e Tarrwai tnestsheedse ev ents Thseo ldiecarsr rioeudst cou- for.T' heta rgewtse rcele arly kintgh esiru perstiintitoaonc s- ratiomna dbee fothreed irector
peasaInnCt sh. inhaer e alised inJ anua1r9y6 : 4'O neev e- ringo·p eratiionnt hse b ush, defin:e imd periaalinsdtmh e couTnth. iesx platihneism por· olK ikwseitc urbityLy ,e oMna -
theim portaonf! acrem liinbge - ningI w, enatn dh ada d rink antdh ec amhpascd o nstantly bureaucbroautircg eoInias ie. lancaec quibreythd e im muni- kasseam, ploaytAe d.C oore:
rateadr eawsh edree mocratic witthh ec hieoffs ectSoro. me tob em oveOdn1. 9D ecember courosnep olitiMcsu, leelxe- sation-arimteo .nt hge p a0r ti manasn Cd ompany.
powceoru bldee xerciMseud-. soldietorsldt h es toraylh ow 196M3,o buatruri vienKd ikwit p'Plaeionpecldae:n b ed· ivideindto smaanktsAhe. emf i gahgtrieiicntru vsawu ll ansteo r able 'MLiukeleemv leea rdyaewna e hplespreMeet,oa ias l ltle r
lelep repafroergd u erwillaa r- sompeo licewmeerknei l lebdy togetwheitrthw oB elgicaonl-
farea,v oidfiunlgl- scbaalett les a Muleglisrot uTph. esya i:d onelMs,a rliaenredN oeTlh. e t1h.Fr eocerae teiggnoo:eri r mriesp se ria: lists thoae dbn eeembcnyuo lmlemTtsthoo. imb ns e alineyf tthheei mntseelalleHtv ce.tQtsuLo ai. kp leesrve esreyn-t
anrde fustiona gtt atchkem ain policemhaevbnee eknil lebdu t cruelotyf t hes oldiehrasd· thesyt eaalltl h ew eaoltfht h e peasainnstu rrecatigoanisn st bodeyls eI a, nswethreecd a ll
cities. . _ weh avleo k il5l 00c ivilians. brougthhewt hopleo pulation country. coloniainliAs mfri caan Ad sia. andle fmt yla miltyh,i nkiIn g
Milittaerryr ionKr wilu Onpeo licemisw aonr 5th0 c0i - dowonnt h es idoelt heM ule- 2.T hep eopollet h eb adg o· IIi sa w aoyfb elievinitnh gein • wasso otong ob achko mAet.
vilianIfsa .s oldiwear ksi lled listBs.u tht esceo nstoapnet ra- vernmewnht o•h elpt he vincibfoler coel thep eople H.QM.,i stMeru le!alerc emde
wew oumlda ssathcewre h ole lionhsa pdr obaubplysM etu le-
Mulerleet urnseedc reltoly . foreignoerth rseim periatoli sts lightinagg ainasnt e nemy tos taayn adf fecmteedto t he
villagYeo. wu ilsl eea,s s oon le'sp lanHs.eh afdo reseae n
KwilTuh. es ituatwioanas p- stetahle w eaoltfth h ec ountry; whicshe emtosb ela rs uperi· seivicaesa bureaucInra t.
pallinTgh.pe u rchapsoinwge r asw ea reinc ommyaonwud i,l l longepre riofodr t raininag theya ret her eactionarieso. r.I t iso nlyb ya ssimilating Septem1b9e6r 4I, was
sewe hawte c adno .' largneu mboefp ro liticaanld
otfh ep eopwlaeas tl e a5s0t% Thesyu rvitvhea nktost he Marxtishmatht ep easmanats · appoinotfefidcce h ieaftE MG,
militacrayd re•s .
lowetrh anin 1960T.h e Thcer eatoiofa nM ulelist OnN ewY earN'sig h1t9, 63· loreignewrsit,h oucta ring secsa anc quaisr ec ienbtiafic- wheIr we aisn c harogfea c-
peasawntesr aeb leto .s ell base 196a4 f,i rsot peratuiosnin g abotuhte birr othdeyrsin ogf sisto s usttahiniisn vinciobfil ity counatsn dc orrespondance.'
practicnaolltyh inBgu,ti h ey staivation. then atioannasdl o cliiable rati- (oflicriaelp o2r1t N ovember
Moloctoovc ktwaialscs a rried
stihll atdop atya xeTsh.a er my Hodwid P ierMreu leslteah rti s 3T. hree sottf h ep eopallleli v e onw ar. 1965T)h. esa muen itelrdo nt
out againtshte t echnical
antdh ep oliwcee nintt toh evi i• actio?Fn i rhstet r ietdow itnh e inu ttedre stitutthioepn o; or, Thwe orkteorosp, l ayaendim • poliwcya csa rrioeudtto wards
schoinoK l iyaTkaha.e c tivities
lagetsa,k inggo atpsi,g asn d .conlidenocl •et h e village thep easanthtsew, orkers. portaronltie nt heM ulerelev o- blacpkri esMtsu. lewleai snf a-
oft heg uerilwlaesrg er owing.
chickeimnsp,o sairnbgit rfai·r y chieHlse.p romitsoep dua t n Theayr eli ked ogcsa tching lutioTnh. iws aess pectihaelly vouorfa theisbmuht, e n ever-
Onth en igohft2 1to 2 2J anu-
neas njda ilinpge opolneid le entdot hem ilitateryrr aonr tdo gambeu te atinogn lyth e casloetr h ec utteorfts h eL ev- thelewsosr kfeoadr l mo2ys et -
arsye vebrarild greosa,d asn d
pretexts. brinwge ll-bteotinh gev i llages. bone(sR.e' bealluiCo no nIg· o erp lantatiIontn hseC. ongo, arws itAhb bTea rrWa.h ethne
lerri•ew se rdee stroyAendd.
FroSme ptem1b9e6or3n t ,h e Wit!hh eairu thorishaebt iuoinlt BV. erhaepg1 e6n7 ). Huileveerm ploy.ae bdo ut priepsrto potsoce rde aat' ese -
thuws acsr eattehdeli r slilb e·
armlya unchmeadj oorp era- • camipnts h em iddolfte h efo - ArrestbeydM obusteuc urity 40.0b0l0a cwko rkers. cretarfioarrt e ligioauffsa irs',
rateadr e.ia n t heC on:g• i ot
tionsin searcohf Mulele. rest,w hereh e gathered officeArsb,b Tea rrdae clared, Mulerelelu sebduh,t ep ropo•
contaisnoe.dm5 0e0 .0in0h0a -
Whovliell agweesr lea iwd as- schoolbaonydsg irlsT. he onM ar2ch3d , urinhgisi n ter- Mulealnetd h ein tellectualss edth atth ep riessht oupldu t
bitants.
le.Thiiss h owA bbTea rra, highschyoouotlc hh, ildroeln rogat:i o'Tnh ere voluotiof n hise nerginyt oc reatian g
whloiv eidnt hea reausn der peasa.wn tisths, .o meed uca- Mulehlaets h elo llowoinrige n· Thep easainnst urrecvtii-on 'counfoctrihl eim proveoml ent
guer~ill9an t~ro~l IFiie bruary tionfo, rmtehdeb ackboofn e talio:n s inc·et h ei ndepen- olentalytt acktehdea dmini- morals'.
dencoeft h eC ongitio sc, lear • stratioofnfi ciaanlstd h eb lack
thatth ee conoims iyn t he bourge.w ohis•oc ollaborated Mulealngtd h eE astferronn t
handoslf o reignjuesrast s,i t witthh en eo-colorneigailmiste
waisn t hep asWt. haMt ulele ofL eopoldavniodllp ee nolpy· InO ctob1e9r6 r3e, pression
wanistfs o trh iesc onolomb ey posethdep opumlaor vement camdeo wonnt h eL umumbist
guidbeydth eC ongoplees-e Durinthgei n surreactlJ ioan- leadeinrLs e opoldcvailules,·
oplteh emseinlvsetesoa fbd y nu_a1~__9 6M4u, lelfiosrt ces ingth etmoll eeto B raz~ville.
I.( s
Thep eriaold' n atiorneaclo n- 1966d,e scribit:e 'dT hiiss theM ulemlisot vemineK nwt i-
ThKe wiRlue bels
cilialiwona'us s ebdyB elgian hotwh em ilitaprryo ceTehde. y luT. hesyta yaef de wda yosra
anAd merinceaen- co!loonr-ial arrivinea v illagveer eya rilny leww eeiknst h ec amapns d
cetsog eatl irmg riopft heo lli- them ornTinhge.i my mediate-thewn enbta ctkot hev illage
cer_cootfrh peAs rmayn tdog i- lys ummthoenv illagceh ief, whetrhee wir orwk aps ropa-
ve1 1o, ncaen fdo ar lla, na nti- whhoa tsoc onvethnewe hole gandoarg, anisaantiidno tne lli-
nationaanlt,i -popduirleacr ti- villagcela,a nf tecrla Tn.h hee - gencInet .h iws atyh erye cei-
oDnu.r itnhges ampee·r iohdig, h aedvoe fef raaym cchililan yhhn ai sctso l ca onInf.a tr ol vneinaddgp u orilnsiteigacv naemdlm r ailoilt natrtrahyis -. TheM obutteisrtr obre came foreignaesirn st hep asOt. n execubteedtw e3e0n0 a nd
governmolfeicnitaf olsrm ae d chilbdo, oyrg irils,m isstihneg AbbTea rrhaa dth isto s a:y eovf ietm nre oarfeech rotehcdeio EB uceshl.g oiaens trheestoh tahthteh erra e nvMdo,lu ulitesdigo leeonc i nlag- T40hp0eine folupel.e.no .. cft hee C hinese
bureaucrabtico urgeoisie heaodft hec lahna tso p afyo r 'Robeart y, outfhro mth e press'A:t rucakr rivefrdo m tol asat lontgim ea ndth at revoluistsi oenn sientd h ew ay
whosstea ndoalrl idv inwga s thea bsenoclt eh ism ember. Saint-IgHniagSchec hotoolld, Mungindsut.a..i newd ith eveifnh ed ieditw , oucldo nti· Muleslpea rheidms e nll oe llort
simitloath r aottf h eb igs ettlers Heis t orturaendsd, o a reth e meth ahte w aasw aorefe v ery- blooTdh. ed riverer coun• ted nuteil ilt se nrde suHlti.ds eci- tow ino vetrh ein tellectuals
befoinred epende.n ce. parenotfts h ec hildS.o meti- thintgh awt agso inogn O, ne thahte h ahda tdot ransp8o7r t sionis firmE. verybcoadny whhoa adr elativperilvyi leged
Muledliedn owt atnotb ec om- mesth eyb eaat llt hec lan dahye h atdh eg ooludc tkov i- corpsteosb eb urieadll;o f abandito,t hne re voluwtioilln situataionndw erteh erefore
promiisnte hdep arliamentaryc hiefbse cauesvee rywhere sito neo lM ulelyeo'su cthe n- themwe rper isonAerms.o ng stigll oo nh, es ays.' oftednis likbeytdh ep easants.
operastieoutn p b yG izenga sompee opalreem issiHnge.· tresE.v erytthhianhtga ppenedi thems,o m'eB a-jeunesses': 'Mosatl thep rimary-school
andG benHyeeh. a da lready avfyin easr ein flicatendtdh ey int hev illagwea rse poritne d ! Altlh eo thehrasb de epnic ke• d Al iberabteadse teachweresra er resbteytdh e
•u nderstthoaootd,n t h abta sis, evemna natogt aek aew athye gredaet tatoitl h ete amclso se· Ii up at·r ando: mvil lage-not rebeblesc authseewy e rseu s:
thec omplveicteto oryfn eo; chie·lcsl'o thainngde· veens - tot hevi llagTeh.e wrea tsh uas ! abletsa,l lymceunt,t.e lrros m. Thep artisaendsu cabteyd. peeleodfs ympawthityhth e
colonfoiarlc ewsa isn evitable. sent_eivael rydbaeylo• ngings. seriocuosn torovle wrh awta s theo il-wo..r.k s Muledliedn oht avseim pmlyi- Kikwreitg im..A eb o8u0t 0o l
In1 96M1u lewleai snC airIon. Thearere s ometihmoersri ly- saiadn pde opwlehd oa retod Durinthge ier xpedittiohnes , litartya sktsh;e ayl shoa da n themwe rber ougtohM t ulem-
Marc1h9 6h2e le ffto rC hina ingsc enTehse.p yua t ltlh ep e- speiallok tf h em ovemweenret soldiearnsdp olicemkileiln n- equailmly portoarngta nising beM, ulehlee'sa dquaFroter rs.
whehrees tayfeodmr otrhea n oploeft hev illagtheem, eonn ina b awd ayW. hewnew ent discriminaastif et olya ,m use rolteop laTy.h deo cum'Oern· t al ortnigthheth ya dto f ollow
ay eaTr.h eex perieonft hcee • ones ideth, ew omoennt h e intoth eb ussho, mwee ll-ca- themselv(LeasR .'e lev1e , deor fm issoioft hne p artisa•n· s' politiecdaul calteiosnso gnis-,
Chineresevo lugtiroena itnly- otheAr.ltl h em ehna vteol ie• moullaMgeudlep leeo pwlee re Feb'6.4 p,1 0) • isp ermewatietthdh eid eoaf • venb yM ulehleim soerlh f is
teresMteudl eHleew. atsop ut flaot nth efiar ceTsh. me ilitary, therTe.h ewyo uwlda tcthhe
revolutiosnoaldriyeb resin agt aideAs.f tethr ep erioadli n ·
whahte le arinntt por actiinc e andth· ep. olicemwaelnko ·n peopwlehp oa ssbeyad n ldis -
~g independence thes eiviocfte h ep eop:' lTeh e·. structtihoenhy, a tdot akpea rt·
them aquthisah t es eut pin thebira ckTsh: ebye atht em tento w hatht esya id. - entifroer coeft hep artisiasn s ino naec tioorna nothaenard f -
Kwiblue, ginniniJn ugl1y 9 63. withs tickass i f theyw ere Hew antmedet o s penthde
Frotmhe v erbye ginnMinug·, int heh andaslt h ev illagers'. ,t erwarthdesw,y eraes signed
Untthil epno litipcaarl tiienths e dogTsh. eirseb looedv eryw- nighwti thth emin steoaldi n lelec entr•he idsp ropaganda 'Thpea rtisamnussh te ltph e toa f unctiinoo nn oer o theorf
Conwgoe raelel lectmioanc hi• hereT.h ecya. tcgho atasn d thev illagI ea,g reeWdev. isi•
nsietismo,in nets hao enSn ttl! yao gtrMe a.ui nlepuinloneg-- tcrhuicckklefosonaotrshd m,e s e otlidamwi ee(hr3sso) . l'e tweedths aecw apm atproesgn eottsfh Tt hehere.s ree · adreonuhconeandb ste e h eesnmo: 'lolednu tdto teh pee n: vfeilrla.' geevrse rywthheesryeu • f- tthicevaci ll olamg:tem esai smssi-oelencpaeroedrl,tei a-rr,y
derstothoaditn ,o rdteobr reak Itw aosn layf teloru mr onothf s youtwhsh wo erree allyama- imperifaolriscteb syt h em ui- Mulealelw apyas imd ucaht- loa nin struc(tRoer.b' ealliuo n
neo-colrounleiaa,L p eople's thitse rrtohra tht eM ulelbiset-s zedto s eesu cahm ovement dereorfLs umumAsb eac. ond tenti.o tno organistihneg Conpg1 o0 3)
revoluhtiaotdnob eo rganised gatnh ea rmestdr uggAlbeb: e anpdu gt rehaot pineit .(' 3) indepenhdaetsnob c ee!o ught peasajunstasts t h ewye rtea,- Thwisa cso nlirmbyae d de cla·
witthh ec rucsiaulp pooftr ht e Tarrwai tnestsheedse ev ents Thseo ldiecarsr rioeudst cou- for.T' heta rgewtse rcele arly kintgh esiru perstiintitoaonc s- ratiomna dbee fothreed irector
peasaInnCt sh. inhaer e alised inJ anua1r9y6 : 4'O neev e- ringo·p eratiionnt hse b ush, defin:e imd periaalinsdtmh e couTnth. iesx platihneism por· olK ikwseitc urbityLy ,e oMna -
theim portaonf! acrem liinbge - ningI w, enatn dh ada d rink antdh ec amhpascd o nstantly bureaucbroautircg eoInias ie. lancaec quibreythd e im muni- kasseam, ploaytAe d.C oore:
rateadr eawsh edree mocratic witthh ec hieoffs ectSoro. me tob em oveOdn1. 9D ecember courosnep olitiMcsu, leelxe- sation-arimteo .nt hge p a0r ti manasn Cd ompany.
powceoru bldee xerciMseud-. soldietorsldt h es toraylh ow 196M3,o buatruri vienKd ikwit p'Plaeionpecldae:n b ed· ivideindto smaanktsAhe. emf i gahgtrieiicntru vsawu ll ansteo r able 'MLiukeleemv leea rdyaewna e hplespreMeet,oa ias l ltle r
lelep repafroergd u erwillaa r- sompeo licewmeerknei l lebdy togetwheitrthw oB elgicaonl-
farea,v oidfiunlgl- scbaalett les a Muleglisrot uTph. esya i:d onelMs,a rliaenredN oeTlh. e t1h.Fr eocerae teiggnoo:eri r mriesp se ria: lists thoae dbn eeembcnyuo lmlemTtsthoo. imb ns e alineyf tthheei mntseelalleHtv ce.tQtsuLo ai. kp leesrve esreyn-t
anrde fustiona gtt atchkem ain policemhaevbnee eknil lebdu t cruelotyf t hes oldiehrasd· thesyt eaalltl h ew eaoltfht h e peasainnstu rrecatigoanisn st bodeyls eI a, nswethreecd a ll
cities. . _ weh avleo k il5l 00c ivilians. brougthhewt hopleo pulation country. coloniainliAs mfri caan Ad sia. andle fmt yla miltyh,i nkiIn g
Milittaerryr ionKr wilu Onpeo licemisw aonr 5th0 c0i - dowonnt h es idoelt heM ule- 2.T hep eopollet h eb adg o· IIi sa w aoyfb elievinitnh gein • wasso otong ob achko mAet.
vilianIfsa .s oldiwear ksi lled listBs.u tht esceo nstoapnet ra- vernmewnht o•h elpt he vincibfoler coel thep eople H.QM.,i stMeru le!alerc emde
wew oumlda ssathcewre h ole lionhsa pdr obaubplysM etu le-
Mulerleet urnseedc reltoly . foreignoerth rseim periatoli sts lightinagg ainasnt e nemy tos taayn adf fecmteedto t he
villagYeo. wu ilsl eea,s s oon le'sp lanHs.eh afdo reseae n
KwilTuh. es ituatwioanas p- stetahle w eaoltfth h ec ountry; whicshe emtosb ela rs uperi· seivicaesa bureaucInra t.
pallinTgh.pe u rchapsoinwge r asw ea reinc ommyaonwud i,l l longepre riofodr t raininag theya ret her eactionarieso. r.I t iso nlyb ya ssimilating Septem1b9e6r 4I, was
sewe hawte c adno .' largneu mboefp ro liticaanld
otfh ep eopwlaeas tl e a5s0t% Thesyu rvitvhea nktost he Marxtishmatht ep easmanats · appoinotfefidcce h ieaftE MG,
militacrayd re•s .
lowetrh anin 1960T.h e Thcer eatoiofa nM ulelist OnN ewY earN'sig h1t9, 63· loreignewrsit,h oucta ring secsa anc quaisr ec ienbtiafic- wheIr we aisn c harogfea c-
peasawntesr aeb leto .s ell base 196a4 f,i rsot peratuiosnin g abotuhte birr othdeyrsin ogf sisto s usttahiniisn vinciobfil ity counatsn dc orrespondance.'
practicnaolltyh inBgu,ti h ey staivation. then atioannasdl o cliiable rati- (oflicriaelp o2r1t N ovember
Moloctoovc ktwaialscs a rried
stihll atdop atya xeTsh.a er my Hodwid P ierMreu leslteah rti s 3T. hree sottf h ep eopallleli v e onw ar. 1965T)h. esa muen itelrdo nt
out againtshte t echnical
antdh ep oliwcee nintt toh evi i• actio?Fn i rhstet r ietdow itnh e inu ttedre stitutthioepn o; or, Thwe orkteorosp, l ayaendim • poliwcya csa rrioeudtto wards
schoinoK l iyaTkaha.e c tivities
lagetsa,k inggo atpsi,g asn d .conlidenocl •et h e village thep easanthtsew, orkers. portaronltie nt heM ulerelev o- blacpkri esMtsu. lewleai snf a-
oft heg uerilwlaesrg er owing.
chickeimnsp,o sairnbgit rfai·r y chieHlse.p romitsoep dua t n Theayr eli ked ogcsa tching lutioTnh. iws aess pectihaelly vouorfa theisbmuht, e n ever-
Onth en igohft2 1to 2 2J anu-
neas njda ilinpge opolneid le entdot hem ilitateryrr aonr tdo gambeu te atinogn lyth e casloetr h ec utteorfts h eL ev- thelewsosr kfeoadr l mo2ys et -
arsye vebrarild greosa,d asn d
pretexts. brinwge ll-bteotinh gev i llages. bone(sR.e' bealluiCo no nIg· o erp lantatiIontn hseC. ongo, arws itAhb bTea rrWa.h ethne
lerri•ew se rdee stroyAendd.
FroSme ptem1b9e6or3n t ,h e Wit!hh eairu thorishaebt iuoinlt BV. erhaepg1 e6n7 ). Huileveerm ploy.ae bdo ut priepsrto potsoce rde aat' ese -
thuws acsr eattehdeli r slilb e·
armlya unchmeadj oorp era- • camipnts h em iddolfte h efo - ArrestbeydM obusteuc urity 40.0b0l0a cwko rkers. cretarfioarrt e ligioauffsa irs',
rateadr e.ia n t heC on:g• i ot
tionsin searcohf Mulele. rest,w hereh e gathered officeArsb,b Tea rrdae clared, Mulerelelu sebduh,t ep ropo•
contaisnoe.dm5 0e0 .0in0h0a -
Whovliell agweesr lea iwd as- schoolbaonydsg irlsT. he onM ar2ch3d , urinhgisi n ter- Mulealnetd h ein tellectualss edth atth ep riessht oupldu t
bitants.
le.Thiiss h owA bbTea rra, highschyoouotlc hh, ildroeln rogat:i o'Tnh ere voluotiof n hise nerginyt oc reatian g
whloiv eidnt hea reausn der peasa.wn tisths, .o meed uca- Mulehlaets h elo llowoinrige n· Thep easainnst urrecvtii-on 'counfoctrihl eim proveoml ent
guer~ill9an t~ro~l IFiie bruary tionfo, rmtehdeb ackboofn e talio:n s inc·et h ei ndepen- olentalytt acktehdea dmini- morals'.
dencoeft h eC ongitio sc, lear • stratioofnfi ciaanlstd h eb lack
thatth ee conoims iyn t he bourge.w ohis•oc ollaborated Mulealngtd h eE astferronn t
handoslf o reignjuesrast s,i t witthh en eo-colorneigailmiste
waisn t hep asWt. haMt ulele ofL eopoldavniodllp ee nolpy· InO ctob1e9r6 r3e, pression
wanistfs o trh iesc onolomb ey posethdep opumlaor vement camdeo wonnt h eL umumbist
guidbeydth eC ongoplees-e Durinthgei n surreactlJ ioan- leadeinrLs e opoldcvailules,·
oplteh emseinlvsetesoa fbd y nu_a1~__9 6M4u, lelfiosrt ces ingth etmoll eeto B raz~ville.
I.( s
,ThNea tioLniable raCtioonu n tedfi rsotf a ltlo c onsolihdiast e gerE. ye-witnedsescelasr ed CrusbhyBe de lgian
cilw acsr eatiet wd;a bs ased politicaanl d. o rganisationalt hatht eM obustoisldt iseerstf i
onth eu niobne twetheePn SA worakm otnhgem asses. ret ot heh arveasntkd i llethde
ol Mulealen dth eM NCo-fL Int heE astth, en ationalists live-stoTchkep. e asawnetsre
GbenSyeo.u miwalaosst e nt tooko vetrh eb igc itielsik e forcetodc omoeu ot ft hefo
tot heE asotft heco unttoroy r StanleyvBiullteth .e sceit ies resSt. ometimtheess o,l diers ColonaneWlds hite
ganiisnes urretchteiorSne o. u quickblye camtheet a rgaelt . tootkh eri ska lg oiningt oth e
mialowta sa ne xtraordinaryB elgitarono pasn dm ercena loretsotc omitbo utf,ir inagt
speaakenardv erbyr avmea n; riesT. woth ousaSnidm ba randoBmu.t thlaesr te bewlse -
buht eh ando Marrxeivsot lutio wersee natg ainBsut kabvyu reo nllyiq uidaitne1 d9 7I0n.
nareyd ucathioewn a; tso i m Olengpal:a nepsil ot.e bdy Septem1b9e6rr8e ,a listihnagt Mercenaries
provise. CIA-agmenatsss acthreedse theu prisihnagd•b eedne fe
Inh iss trateagnydh ista ctics, revolutionbayrt iheesh un atedP,i erMreu lemlea naged
Mulewlea csl eairnlys pirbeyd dred. tol eavKew ialun da rrivsead
MaZoe downgh,i ccha nnboet Mulealteta chael odot li mpor feliyn B razzaCviellert.aw iint
saidfo r SoumiaMlout.l ele tancteo i•n cludwinogm einn nessaefsli rmth aht ew anted
basehdisa ctiounpso tnh eo r- then ationlibael ratwioanrI .n tolo rmaM arxist-Lpeanrintyis t
ganisa.to iof tnh ep easan.t s thete am2s0,% o ft hem em anadtt hes amtiem ues lee gal agreteodp laayl onwgi tthh is.
themseIlnve easc.vh il laghee • berws erweo mTehne.s emi meatnosr e consttihtuert ee InA ugu1s9t 6t4h,e L umum- GenerBaol bozdoe'sc ora- • farcaen dw elcomtheevd a l-
creataet de amco nstitubtye d nariynL abwaa tsr ansformed volutionloarrcye Tsh. ere as bistsc ontrolalebdo utwt o lions • iangte newraitloh p eanr ms.
altlh em oastc tivnea tionalists. !ora whilein toa training onsw hyh ef inalalyc cepted thirdosl theC ongSoo. me Vandewwarlilteein sh ism e-
Twicaew eeMk,u leloisrtgsa .- schofoorgl irlsS.o mweo men thea mneosftfye orl M obutu montphrse viouMsolyb ut.u 's • Whadtid C olonVealn dewalle moi:r s'T heM inisotrfyD e-
nisemde etifnogar sltl h ein ha• •- tookp aritn a rmesdtr uggle, aren oyt ect leaMr.o buwthuo . • armwya ss trikintegr roinr to thinoktl he'in vincNibaleti'o nal lencew as•i n chargoel
bitanmtse, wn,o maenncd h il· especiianl llyd iolaan dD i· hadn oht esitattoek di lLl u theh earotsft hep easa:n ts • CongoAlersme(Ay N?CT )h is entertaihniimnJg.e· annheis,
drenm,.e etin.wgsh icohft en baya. . . mumbwaa,s n otto w atito o throughthoeuc to untthrye re •i sw hahtet e legraptohB eruds - officyiaol unwgil eo ft hem o-.
lasteawd hodlea yO. ttethne y In theE astth, er evolution lonbge fohrea viMngu le-alel watsa lok fn othibnuglto oting, sel:s ' NoA NCun iits s ure. menwt,a dse lighwteitdhth is
followethde q uestion-and brougnhont o tewocrhthayn ge readaly e geinnhd i so wlnif eti- rapaen md urdcearr rioeudbt y Whetnh eries n or esistance strokoell u cka,n dw eh ada
answmere thoudse, bdy't he int hetr aditiornoaleol fw o- me-k illeadsw ell. • Mobustuo'lsd ieItrw s.a osn ly andth etr oopasd vanthceey montphe'sa ce•• . '
missionatori·em sa· kteh eir men. . LumumanbdaM . uleulen,i ted aftesre vemraol ntthhsat th e lootW... em uscto nsitdheart ,
messaggeteth rou..g h Int heE astht,e re voluwtioans inm artyrdwoialml lw, asyysm terrifipeodp uladtiaorne·r de •- excefopart l ewu nittsh,eA NG Thnee wco longiradl er
Int heE asSt,o umilaelaoont nt crushbeytd h es uperloiorrc e bolisthees truglgoliren depen acOt. n1J anu1a9ry6a 4r e volt asit n owst anidsse ithienra
there volutiosnoaldriyet hrse, ofB elgiapna ratrooapnedrs dencdee, mocarancdpy e op ledb yP ierMreu leblreo koeu t staotefm utinoyrg ,o noev etor • Mobuhtaud fo untdh eid eal
Simbbau,ht efa iletodo rgan mercenaTrhieems i.s taokel s le'ps _owinte hJeC on.g..o._ . inK wiplur ovinBcyeA .p r1il5 • ther ebeolsrs, tucfak ra way • waayl r estoroinrdge: hr er e;
iset hep easaenftfse ctively. there voluittisoendl le privite d ther evohlta ds preatodt h e lromth efr onint c ampfrso m establisthheoe lddc olonoira-l
Mulerelefu steoad t tatchkec i olt heh elopfp aartlt hep eop Easatlt hec ounwtrhy etrhee whicithr e fusteobs u dgTeh.e deOr. n2 8A ugu1s9t6 a4B el-
tieas nadv oidgeredca lta shes leI.n K witluh,er e bewlse rdee firsvti llagweesr leib erabteyd Congoleasuet horitliiekse giacno lonreecl eivaed do cu-
witthh ere gualarmr ,yh;w_ ea n: featebdyt hew eapoofhn u n- revolutiolingahrtye lresd. b y TshomabnedM obuatruei n mensitg nebdyM obugtrua n-
MarandaunrdaB idaliOran. agreemtheanitth t atso b ere - tinhgi mfu lpl oweTrhsde. o cu• -
May1 5t her evolutionarie• sp laced.'(1..) mernet ad:
tootkh eto wanlU vira. Vandewdeamllea nfduelpl do - 'Considethreisn tga taeld is-
Mobustuo'lsd iewresrs ee ized wertso d iremct ilitaorpye ra- • turbanwcheic phre vainitl sh e·•
withp aniTc.h efye arethde tionasg ainthseLt umumbists.E asatlt heR epubcloicn,s i•d e-
peasarnetvse' nagnebd e gan MobuatnuTd shomagbree ed. rintgh ee mergency,
tod esewritt thh ea pprooalc h TheB elgiacno loneclosu ld 1A. z onoefm ilitaorpye rations
Muletlero'so pOsn.2 J ultyh e theonn caeg atiank uept h eo ld iss eut pto r estoarnedm ain-
revolutiontoaoirtkihe etso wn habitsthhaeadhc quiirnet hde • taino rdeinrt hete rritoraief-s
ofK indTuh. emy ewt itphr acti- Conbgeoo re3 0J un1e9 60. lectebdyth ere bellion
calnlyor e sistaOncnAe u. gust FouBre lgicaonlo nderlesuw p 2.C oloVnealn dewPaellres,o -
5S tanleywvaillslieb erated. thep lanfso rt heo perations. naMl ilitaArdyv isaetrta, cthoe
Amotnhge wma Cs oloMneal r- theC abinoefH t isE xcellency
ColoVnealn dewalle lierwe hoh adb ee'np ersonal .t heP rimMe inistisee r,n trus-
advisteoMr ' obufrtoum 19 60 • tedw ithth ec o-ordinoaft ion
Thsea mdea tyh eC ongolese to1 96V4a. ndewwariltlees : lanadn adi or peratiHonews il.l
PrimMei nisTtesrh, omsebnet 'Thewye rienp erteacgtr eem- exerchisispe o weinrts h en a-
al ettetort heB elgiFaonr eign enot na p lainn volvtihneug s e meo f theC ommander-in-
SecretHareya .s kehdim to olc olumcnosm pooslse pde - Chief.'(1)
senhdim th eB elgicaonl onel ciavl olunte-aee rsu phemism FromAugust1964on,inKami-.
Vandewtoba elhle is' p ersonal form ercen-aarigeasi nthset na,V andewfoarllme eadn d
adviseBr'.e foreln depen- rebellioTnh. esec olumns traintehdeF iftMh otoriBsrei-d
dencVea ndewhaaldlbe e en wouilndc ludligeh at rmoured gadceo, nsisotif5n .g0 0m0e n.
repso nsafobSrle t aStee curity vehicufolellso wbeyCd ongo- Altl hem emboeftr hse b rig-
in thec olonDy.u rin•t gh e Iesuen dtehrec o mmoaftn hde adeg'se necraolm mwanedre
seceiossno fK atanhgewa a s ANCa,n dw ourlde ceiaveir Belgioafnfi cewrhsh oa dliv ed
consul-geinn, Leeroapl oldville suppoarnt dp rotectliroonm int heC ondguor inthgep eriod
(KinshaTswado)a. ylas tehre suppltye amsT. heya lso olc olonriualleI n.a llt,h eB el·
waisn K amainnaod n 1 5A u· agretehdan to r esuwlta psa s- gianA rmdye tach6e5od f fi-
gushte p roposae md ilitary sibleif theA fricagne nerals ceras ndte chnicfiaonrt hse
operatpiolantnsot heB elgian fromH Qw erneo ftir snte utrali- trainianngdl e aderoshft hipe
GovernmOenAn tu. gu1s8t sed(.1' ) brigadTeh.eB elgioafnfi cers
theF oreiSgne cretParayu, l-· Vandewwaallnet teodg erti d comma3n9dm0e de rcenaries.
HenSrip aaak s,o cialaispt-, ofG eneBraolb oaztao n py ri- Thvea smt ajooriftt yh e4 .300
Provtehdep lanT.h eB elgian ceH. eto ldh imth aBt elgium blacsko ldiewrse rKe atanga
operactioounbl de giEnv. ery- woubldeh onoubryeh disp re- gendarbmaecfskro mA ngola
thintogo pkl acinet h eg reatest sencHe.ep romisheimdh o- anlde db yth eB elgimane rce-
osf ecrecy. nouar~s~ decoratSiopnasa. k narJye aSnc hramme.
7
,ThNea tioLniable raCtioonu n tedfi rsotf a ltlo c onsolihdiast e gerE. ye-witnedsescelasr ed CrusbhyBe de lgian
cilw acsr eatiet wd;a bs ased politicaanl d. o rganisationalt hatht eM obustoisldt iseerstf i
onth eu niobne twetheePn SA worakm otnhgem asses. ret ot heh arveasntkd i llethde
ol Mulealen dth eM NCo-fL Int heE astth, en ationalists live-stoTchkep. e asawnetsre
GbenSyeo.u miwalaosst e nt tooko vetrh eb igc itielsik e forcetodc omoeu ot ft hefo
tot heE asotft heco unttoroy r StanleyvBiullteth .e sceit ies resSt. ometimtheess o,l diers ColonaneWlds hite
ganiisnes urretchteiorSne o. u quickblye camtheet a rgaelt . tootkh eri ska lg oiningt oth e
mialowta sa ne xtraordinaryB elgitarono pasn dm ercena loretsotc omitbo utf,ir inagt
speaakenardv erbyr avmea n; riesT. woth ousaSnidm ba randoBmu.t thlaesr te bewlse -
buht eh ando Marrxeivsot lutio wersee natg ainBsut kabvyu reo nllyiq uidaitne1 d9 7I0n.
nareyd ucathioewn a; tso i m Olengpal:a nepsil ot.e bdy Septem1b9e6rr8e ,a listihnagt Mercenaries
provise. CIA-agmenatsss acthreedse theu prisihnagd•b eedne fe
Inh iss trateagnydh ista ctics, revolutionbayrt iheesh un atedP,i erMreu lemlea naged
Mulewlea csl eairnlys pirbeyd dred. tol eavKew ialun da rrivsead
MaZoe downgh,i ccha nnboet Mulealteta chael odot li mpor feliyn B razzaCviellert.aw iint
saidfo r SoumiaMlout.l ele tancteo i•n cludwinogm einn nessaefsli rmth aht ew anted
basehdisa ctiounpso tnh eo r- then ationlibael ratwioanrI .n tolo rmaM arxist-Lpeanrintyis t
ganisa.to iof tnh ep easan.t s thete am2s0,% o ft hem em anadtt hes amtiem ues lee gal agreteodp laayl onwgi tthh is.
themseIlnve easc.vh il laghee • berws erweo mTehne.s emi meatnosr e consttihtuert ee InA ugu1s9t 6t4h,e L umum- GenerBaol bozdoe'sc ora- • farcaen dw elcomtheevd a l-
creataet de amco nstitubtye d nariynL abwaa tsr ansformed volutionloarrcye Tsh. ere as bistsc ontrolalebdo utwt o lions • iangte newraitloh p eanr ms.
altlh em oastc tivnea tionalists. !ora whilein toa training onsw hyh ef inalalyc cepted thirdosl theC ongSoo. me Vandewwarlilteein sh ism e-
Twicaew eeMk,u leloisrtgsa .- schofoorgl irlsS.o mweo men thea mneosftfye orl M obutu montphrse viouMsolyb ut.u 's • Whadtid C olonVealn dewalle moi:r s'T heM inisotrfyD e-
nisemde etifnogar sltl h ein ha• •- tookp aritn a rmesdtr uggle, aren oyt ect leaMr.o buwthuo . • armwya ss trikintegr roinr to thinoktl he'in vincNibaleti'o nal lencew as•i n chargoel
bitanmtse, wn,o maenncd h il· especiianl llyd iolaan dD i· hadn oht esitattoek di lLl u theh earotsft hep easa:n ts • CongoAlersme(Ay N?CT )h is entertaihniimnJg.e· annheis,
drenm,.e etin.wgsh icohft en baya. . . mumbwaa,s n otto w atito o throughthoeuc to untthrye re •i sw hahtet e legraptohB eruds - officyiaol unwgil eo ft hem o-.
lasteawd hodlea yO. ttethne y In theE astth, er evolution lonbge fohrea viMngu le-alel watsa lok fn othibnuglto oting, sel:s ' NoA NCun iits s ure. menwt,a dse lighwteitdhth is
followethde q uestion-and brougnhont o tewocrhthayn ge readaly e geinnhd i so wlnif eti- rapaen md urdcearr rioeudbt y Whetnh eries n or esistance strokoell u cka,n dw eh ada
answmere thoudse, bdy't he int hetr aditiornoaleol fw o- me-k illeadsw ell. • Mobustuo'lsd ieItrw s.a osn ly andth etr oopasd vanthceey montphe'sa ce•• . '
missionatori·em sa· kteh eir men. . LumumanbdaM . uleulen,i ted aftesre vemraol ntthhsat th e lootW... em uscto nsitdheart ,
messaggeteth rou..g h Int heE astht,e re voluwtioans inm artyrdwoialml lw, asyysm terrifipeodp uladtiaorne·r de •- excefopart l ewu nittsh,eA NG Thnee wco longiradl er
Int heE asSt,o umilaelaoont nt crushbeytd h es uperloiorrc e bolisthees truglgoliren depen acOt. n1J anu1a9ry6a 4r e volt asit n owst anidsse ithienra
there volutiosnoaldriyet hrse, ofB elgiapna ratrooapnedrs dencdee, mocarancdpy e op ledb yP ierMreu leblreo koeu t staotefm utinoyrg ,o noev etor • Mobuhtaud fo untdh eid eal
Simbbau,ht efa iletodo rgan mercenaTrhieems i.s taokel s le'ps _owinte hJeC on.g..o._ . inK wiplur ovinBcyeA .p r1il5 • ther ebeolsrs, tucfak ra way • waayl r estoroinrdge: hr er e;
iset hep easaenftfse ctively. there voluittisoendl le privite d ther evohlta ds preatodt h e lromth efr onint c ampfrso m establisthheoe lddc olonoira-l
Mulerelefu steoad t tatchkec i olt heh elopfp aartlt hep eop Easatlt hec ounwtrhy etrhee whicithr e fusteobs u dgTeh.e deOr. n2 8A ugu1s9t6 a4B el-
tieas nadv oidgeredca lta shes leI.n K witluh,er e bewlse rdee firsvti llagweesr leib erabteyd Congoleasuet horitliiekse giacno lonreecl eivaed do cu-
witthh ere gualarmr ,yh;w_ ea n: featebdyt hew eapoofhn u n- revolutiolingahrtye lresd. b y TshomabnedM obuatruei n mensitg nebdyM obugtrua n-
MarandaunrdaB idaliOran. agreemtheanitth t atso b ere - tinhgi mfu lpl oweTrhsde. o cu• -
May1 5t her evolutionarie• sp laced.'(1..) mernet ad:
tootkh eto wanlU vira. Vandewdeamllea nfduelpl do - 'Considethreisn tga taeld is-
Mobustuo'lsd iewresrs ee ized wertso d iremct ilitaorpye ra- • turbanwcheic phre vainitl sh e·•
withp aniTc.h efye arethde tionasg ainthseLt umumbists.E asatlt heR epubcloicn,s i•d e-
peasarnetvse' nagnebd e gan MobuatnuTd shomagbree ed. rintgh ee mergency,
tod esewritt thh ea pprooalc h TheB elgiacno loneclosu ld 1A. z onoefm ilitaorpye rations
Muletlero'so pOsn.2 J ultyh e theonn caeg atiank uept h eo ld iss eut pto r estoarnedm ain-
revolutiontoaoirtkihe etso wn habitsthhaeadhc quiirnet hde • taino rdeinrt hete rritoraief-s
ofK indTuh. emy ewt itphr acti- Conbgeoo re3 0J un1e9 60. lectebdyth ere bellion
calnlyor e sistaOncnAe u. gust FouBre lgicaonlo nderlesuw p 2.C oloVnealn dewPaellres,o -
5S tanleywvaillslieb erated. thep lanfso rt heo perations. naMl ilitaArdyv isaetrta, cthoe
Amotnhge wma Cs oloMneal r- theC abinoefH t isE xcellency
ColoVnealn dewalle lierwe hoh adb ee'np ersonal .t heP rimMe inistisee r,n trus-
advisteoMr ' obufrtoum 19 60 • tedw ithth ec o-ordinoaft ion
Thsea mdea tyh eC ongolese to1 96V4a. ndewwariltlees : lanadn adi or peratiHonews il.l
PrimMei nisTtesrh, omsebnet 'Thewye rienp erteacgtr eem- exerchisispe o weinrts h en a-
al ettetort heB elgiFaonr eign enot na p lainn volvtihneug s e meo f theC ommander-in-
SecretHareya .s kehdim to olc olumcnosm pooslse pde - Chief.'(1)
senhdim th eB elgicaonl onel ciavl olunte-aee rsu phemism FromAugust1964on,inKami-.
Vandewtoba elhle is' p ersonal form ercen-aarigeasi nthset na,V andewfoarllme eadn d
adviseBr'.e foreln depen- rebellioTnh. esec olumns traintehdeF iftMh otoriBsrei-d
dencVea ndewhaaldlbe e en wouilndc ludligeh at rmoured gadceo, nsisotif5n .g0 0m0e n.
repso nsafobSrle t aStee curity vehicufolellso wbeyCd ongo- Altl hem emboeftr hse b rig-
in thec olonDy.u rin•t gh e Iesuen dtehrec o mmoaftn hde adeg'se necraolm mwanedre
seceiossno fK atanhgewa a s ANCa,n dw ourlde ceiaveir Belgioafnfi cewrhsh oa dliv ed
consul-geinn, Leeroapl oldville suppoarnt dp rotectliroonm int heC ondguor inthgep eriod
(KinshaTswado)a. ylas tehre suppltye amsT. heya lso olc olonriualleI n.a llt,h eB el·
waisn K amainnaod n 1 5A u· agretehdan to r esuwlta psa s- gianA rmdye tach6e5od f fi-
gushte p roposae md ilitary sibleif theA fricagne nerals ceras ndte chnicfiaonrt hse
operatpiolantnsot heB elgian fromH Qw erneo ftir snte utrali- trainianngdl e aderoshft hipe
GovernmOenAn tu. gu1s8t sed(.1' ) brigadTeh.eB elgioafnfi cers
theF oreiSgne cretParayu, l-· Vandewwaallnet teodg erti d comma3n9dm0e de rcenaries.
HenSrip aaak s,o cialaispt-, ofG eneBraolb oaztao n py ri- Thvea smt ajooriftt yh e4 .300
Provtehdep lanT.h eB elgian ceH. eto ldh imth aBt elgium blacsko ldiewrse rKe atanga
operactioounbl de giEnv. ery- woubldeh onoubryeh disp re- gendarbmaecfskro mA ngola
thintogo pkl acinet h eg reatest sencHe.ep romisheimdh o- anlde db yth eB elgimane rce-
osf ecrecy. nouar~s~ decoratSiopnasa. k narJye aSnc hramme.
7
ThLea sWt aorSf patahke
MQbutmy•e~r cenaarnieds mewnh roe alhlye ltph ein land Ine nemcoyu ntry
theQ mmegO~(n!fgra tion
populaIttui opns.e mtseto s ee
themtre atleikdem ercenariesT heV andewbarilglea wdaes
Mercenpalraieyaesn de ssen-
tob ed riveonuW t. ew ond'rt i• dividiendtso i xc olumwnhsic h Socialist
tiarlo lient hem ilitaorpye rat.i on veth emou tI. k notwha tth ey eachha tdo r econqcueertra in
whocsoed nea mwea 'sO m· comhee rteoe armn onbeuyt stratetgoiwc nTsh. me acino -
mega'nWgi'.t htohuemt erce- manoyft h eamco t uot fid eals.' lumwn asc alleLdim Ia a nd
narieosfa lln ationaalintieds Wesh aslel lea teorn w hatht e wacso mmanbdyt ehdeB el-
alrl ankws,r'i teCso loVnealn • ideawlse rteh aint spirMeidk e giacno lonLeiel geIoti insc. lu- ·-------~-- ·-·
dewal'lteh,e rwe oulhda ve HoaIrnea .n cya sVea, ndewal- ded1 2S0 ouAthfr icmane rce• LeoC ollaprdre, sidoeftn hte Att hee nodf J unTes, hornbe, execuetevde rythwinehg a d
beenno O rnmeg'aHnogw.' , let,h eB elgciaonlo nsehla, red narieasn da,f teler aviKngo n- . BelgSiaonc iaPlisatr dtye cla- them aonlt heU nioMni niere, decidtoegde thinet hr,ar ot om,
theq uestoioft nh em ercena- thev iewosf MobutHue. goloo n1 Novemitb toeor k redo nM arc1h6 t1h9 6"0A: t theinn e xilem, eSt paathke; butth edyi diti na s pectacular
riews arse latteotd h eO mrne- write: 'sM ikHeo arreen dered •K indounN ovem5b.O enNr o- noti mdei dw e"p usthh'eC' on- lattearls sop oktoeB omboko. mannAesfro . ur sw, ea cteind
ganogp eramtiounsb te e xa- gresaet rvictoet hse C ongole- vemb1e8irt c ontinouneit ds goletsoae s fko rin dependen-Spagaakv heisi m presstoio ns am ucmho dreis crwetaey (.4"
mineindt h elig hotfw hawta s seN atioAnarml (y1.')O n1 4. waayn da ttackSetadn leyville ceI.no thwero rdwseh, avneo t newsmCa.L n. B innemans: Septem1b9e6Vr4 a; ndewalle
happeinnAi nugg uasntSd ep- Decem1b9e6rM5 ,i kHe oare on2 4N ovemabf eewrh, ours createodr, organizoerd "Hoawr eth ingvise wiengd o · Ommegpa.1 n4g5,) :
!emb1e9r6. .:4A tth atitm teh e returntoeS do uAthfr icTah. e aftetrh e3 20B elgipaanr a- develooprre adis eudpc , am- vernmecnirtcalle Tsh?e sya y OnA ugu1s8tt 1h9 6S4,p aak
Conghoa dto b es avefrdo m AssociaPtreedsc so rrespon- trooplearnsd tehde re. paigmnso, vemoeron rtgsa ni- thaatr econciltiahtewio ind,e st meVt andewanaadllpe p roved
fallinimg,m ediaanttedol yta lly, danwt atso d ecla: r'We hen InA uguthsteA, merichaands zatioonfas n syo mrtt heC on- possibwloeu, oldp einnt eres- hisp la!no trh em ilitaliqryu ida-
intoth eh andosft h ere belli- onsep eatokhs i mab oCuot rn- alreaddeyl ivefroeudCr -130 goth awt ouhlda voep, enolry ting perspectivSeosm...e liono ft heM ulemlisot vement:
on.. .I nfa cittw atsh eo nlpyo s.- munishtsis,e yefsla slhik e transppolartn aenstd h re8e- coverptluys, htehdeC ongo- leadeirnsv,o lvinet dh ep re- thep lainn cludseedn dBinegl -
siblecu rea,n dW ashington lightniKnigll.i nCgo mmunists,2 6a n7dT -2p8la ntehsat ot ok Iespee optolae s fko irt sin de- . sentrto ublaerses,, e emingly, giano fficearsn dr ecruiting
andB russealdsm ittaesd hed eclarisel isk,ek illinvge r: parint t hefi ghting.pTehaes - penden"Tcehh.e"i gheinstte - •. r ecuperLaebtthl ee.jm oi nth e mercena' rSiepsa. ako r-
mucihf w, itthh eg reatoefs t minK.i llinAgfr icnaant ionalists antsa,r mewdit ha rrowans d resotf b otBh elgiuamndt h e reconciligaitviotehn e, mpo si- ganistehded ispatcohfai nllg
discret(i1o)n .' is likek.i llinagn imaI llsik, e speaorras t b eswti tahu toma- Conwgoa sto a chieivned e- . tionasn adb lowwi lbl es truck them ilitaeryq uipmtehnatt
Foarh igh-ranBkeilnggoia ffni- neithoenrne o trh eo theIa r.n d ticr iflews,e rceo mplectoenly: pendeanssc oeo ansp ossible att heC .N.TLh. i.s"C ouonfc il Vandewnaeleled feodrt he
cerc, ommanmdienrgc ena- mym enki llebde twefeivne fuseadn tde rrifbieytdh ea iar t- anads w ealls p ossiabnlien ,- NationLaibl eratiownh"i,c h Ornmeogpaenrga tion.
riesth, em ajooriwft yh owme re andte nth ousaCnodn golese tacks. dependienon tcheew,r o rtdos waasl reandoryte presentativeW hitlhee 5 00s0o ldieorft sh e
notorifoaussc isatepsp,a rently rebeinlst h ey eaarn dah aIlf TheF abriq•N uaet ionoafl e bea chiewveitduh s s oa sn ot otfh ew hoCleo ngopleesoep le VandewBarilgleaw deerf ieg ht
presenntoep dro bleMma.j or speinntt h eC ong'Bou.t'h t at's Hers(tlaalr gaersmtf asc toinr•y • • tob ea chiewveitdh ouusat nd woutlhde, nn,o bt e" national" ingin t hefi elSdp awakap sr e·
SiegfrMieudl leforr,in stance, noet noughhea, 'd deladc oni• Belgiudmel)iv e2re8tdo nosf againusst. ("A nnapleasrl e- ata lbl uwt oualdp peaasirm -. paritnhgein terveonfpt ioanra -
wenetv erywihnte hreCe o ngo .. call'yth, earere fo urtemeinll i- rockeatns5d 5 to nosfa rmfosr menta1ir9e6sN0 ,r5 . 2-5p3., posefrdo mou tsid(Lee.S oir troop•Os .n .N ovem8btehr
witNh aAzir mdye coraotino ns onC ongoyleoskuen ,o awn,I d theO mmegoapnegra Ttiohne. 27), 28-2J9u n6e4 ) 196S4p, amake Ht arrimina· n
hisc hesInta. b ooakb ohuits suppoasbeo uhta lof ft hem. enormfioreu-sp oowtfh eebr ri- Three suwlta tsh aTt shombe, NeYwo rTkh. dea ayf teMr,o n-
achieveminte hneCt so nhgeo· werree bealsto neti meo r .•g adoev erwhetlhmepe eda s• them urdeoref Lr umurriba dayth, eid eoafa c ommBoenl-
watsow rit:e' M yIr oCn roisss anothwehre Iw n atsh erHe.e' .a nttr oopwsh, wo erceo mple- S~aabko os"tnsa tiornea• l formehdis G overnmofe nt gian-Amearcitcioawnna esx -
stihll e.r.e.b umt yF uhrisen ro admittpeedr sonoarldlye ring telyu nprepfaorrae ' rde gular' conciliaintit ohenC "o ngo. natiounnailt hye,w atso h ave plainteodS ecreotalS ryta te
longtehre rteos eeth isw on• prisonteorb se t orturaendd wawr itlha rgtreo ocpo ncentra- thep leasoulsr ee eihnigm self DeaRnu sSkp. apalke adheisd
dertsuigl h(t2.') enjoinihnigss oldie: .r' Ks ill tionsT.h ewy eresh attered Fro1m9 6to11 96th5e S ocia: supporbteyd" L umurn.b. ists"c auswei thh isu suaals tute-
Thlee adoetfrh em ercenaries,e vereyn emtayk einnb attle, righdto wthne lin eM. Oitiehre, lisPt arwtya ps arotf t heg o- likLeu baagnaLd a nfgroi mth e nes(sV. andepw.a3l0le6 ).
theS ouAthfr icManik Heo are, whoehveeis r. ('3 ) SSr,e mar:k 'Tehdme acino - vernmDeunrti.tn hgips erioitd , C.Na.Ln.bd y K iwefwroamt h e Onth em ornoinfN go vember
hadb eeonf ficiarlelyc eived lumlna idw astthee v illages watsos hohwo win dependen-M.N.C.L. 24th3, 20B elgiapna ra-
anedn truswteithdhi sm ission thaht adb eeanb andobnye d cec oulbde a chiev"ewdit h Butth esfeew tr aitodrisdn ot troopjeurms poenSd tanleyvil•
byT shomMboeb, uNtue,n da- theipr opulatoionin tssw. ay. us"! succeinec do ntainthinemg o ; •. leT. hiws aasr aroep portunity
kaa nMd unonwghofoo, rmed Thme eanc telidk eso ldieinr s Att heb eginnoifn1 g9 6t4h,e vemeonfw t orkearnsdp eas- lors ocial-demtoos chraocwy
theN atioSneacl uCritoym mit- enemcoyu nt(r2y). ' populaurp risi.n sgp read antOs.nA ugu6sthSt tanleyvil· itst alenStsp: aawkh, ion h is
tee(.1 )O n2 9O ctob1e9r6 5 Thaisth owM obudteuf eated througthhoewu th ocleo untry . lef eliln ttoh eh anodfts h eL u• younygeear hrsa adc quiare d
Mobuwtauts op raitsheem er- theL umumtbhiasistth s o, hwe antdh reatethneAe dd ouGlao - mumrbeisvto lutionairies. reputaatsiao l enf timsto, unted
cenariniea sni n terviine' Lwa camtoep owePru.t th erbey vernment. theU NtOrib uinnte h em idoslt
LibrBee lgiq(uceo'n servative Belgicaonl onaenlsdm erce- TheB elgiFano reiAgnff·a irs "ThBee lginaeni,t hcerru el, anic ys ilence.
cathodlaicil :y' T) heayrge o od • nariferso mal l_otvheewr o rld. MinisStepra, aask o, ciadlisi·t , norra cist~ "Id on octo mhee rinet h ep osi-
viseadp olicayd apttoet dh e• tioonl t hea ccuswehdios g o-
circumstafinrscotef a slld:, ivi- Onloy ned ayla teAr, verell ingto p leagdu ilwtyi tehx tenu-
deth ere volutiotnharroieusg h HarrimUanni,t eSdta tesps e- atincgir cumstaanncdae ssk,
propoosf"a nlsa tiorneaclo nci- ciael nvolayn diendB russels fotrh ele nienocft hy ec ouIr t.
liatioantt" h; es amtiem ep,r e- ina h urrHy.e m eSt pafaokr comhee rwe ithth es trength
parthee m ilitamrye atnors e s- severhaol ursT.h el atter thadt erivferosm be iningt h e
toroer deOrn.J u n1e2 t1h9 64: speaiknts h efo llowwinogr ds righatn dh avinadg e acro n-
hew rottoeA dou"lAatl,hl ein - abotuhtim s eeti"nTgh:Ae m e- sciencBee. lgiuism n either
formaIt iroenc eiavger eoens ricanresa lalys kemde w het- colonianloisirmt , periaTlhiset .
onpeo initwt : ibll ev erdyi fficult heBr elgiuwmars e adfoyr a Belgiiasnn eithrearc isnto r
tor edutcheep reseunptr ising militaorpye ratAionndw. hen crueTlh. eM inisotefF ro reign
soleblyym ilitaarcyti oIb ne. lie- Mr.H arrimcaanm eth, isis AffaiorsfB elgiiusmp r outod
veth aitti sb apdo litticots h ink whawt ed iscus..s.We dea s- beawri tnetosth s iisna s olemn
onloyfc oercmiveea nifi sti ,s signeodu rselvae cse rtain andf.o rmawl ay(.S ecurity
possibwlieth, ojeuot pardisingn umboefd r utieinso rdetor Coun9ci Dl, ecem1b9e6r4 ,
an~heinsgs enttoioa bl,t aain heltph eC ongolGesoev ern- Con6g4op, .5 03-505).
politiscoallu ttihorno ungehg o- mend!u rinagg ivepne rioodf Onth ed aoy ft hea ggression,
ciation"sE."v erythtihnagt timeT.h ihs elcpo ualdlw ays Spawaka lse sws eilnl spired.
wouhlde ltpo m aintoaridne r bec alle(pdl eadsoen ost ay A9t a .mh.ed eclatroeh disf e l-
woubldee asiiefo rn hea tdh e herteh aIa t mcy nicbaulI,th a- low-count"rTymhoeep ne:r ati-
imprestshiaoatnr e conciliati· ven everthteosl easiyts) t ech- ont hawt ela unchisen do at
onw ausn dwear y(C'' on6g4o, nicahle lpra, thtehra mn ilitary militaornye It.s o nlgyo aislt o
P.158) interve.n..Tt ihoendy id it ,t hey savthee liv eosfa t housfaon-d
g
ThLea sWt aorSf patahke
MQbutmy•e~r cenaarnieds mewnh roe alhlye ltph ein land Ine nemcoyu ntry
theQ mmegO~(n!fgra tion
populaIttui opns.e mtseto s ee
themtre atleikdem ercenariesT heV andewbarilglea wdaes
Mercenpalraieyaesn de ssen-
tob ed riveonuW t. ew ond'rt i• dividiendtso i xc olumwnhsic h Socialist
tiarlo lient hem ilitaorpye rat.i on veth emou tI. k notwha tth ey eachha tdo r econqcueertra in
whocsoed nea mwea 'sO m· comhee rteoe armn onbeuyt stratetgoiwc nTsh. me acino -
mega'nWgi'.t htohuemt erce- manoyft h eamco t uot fid eals.' lumwn asc alleLdim Ia a nd
narieosfa lln ationaalintieds Wesh aslel lea teorn w hatht e wacso mmanbdyt ehdeB el-
alrl ankws,r'i teCso loVnealn • ideawlse rteh aint spirMeidk e giacno lonLeiel geIoti insc. lu- ·-------~-- ·-·
dewal'lteh,e rwe oulhda ve HoaIrnea .n cya sVea, ndewal- ded1 2S0 ouAthfr icmane rce• LeoC ollaprdre, sidoeftn hte Att hee nodf J unTes, hornbe, execuetevde rythwinehg a d
beenno O rnmeg'aHnogw.' , let,h eB elgciaonlo nsehla, red narieasn da,f teler aviKngo n- . BelgSiaonc iaPlisatr dtye cla- them aonlt heU nioMni niere, decidtoegde thinet hr,ar ot om,
theq uestoioft nh em ercena- thev iewosf MobutHue. goloo n1 Novemitb toeor k redo nM arc1h6 t1h9 6"0A: t theinn e xilem, eSt paathke; butth edyi diti na s pectacular
riews arse latteotd h eO mrne- write: 'sM ikHeo arreen dered •K indounN ovem5b.O enNr o- noti mdei dw e"p usthh'eC' on- lattearls sop oktoeB omboko. mannAesfro . ur sw, ea cteind
ganogp eramtiounsb te e xa- gresaet rvictoet hse C ongole- vemb1e8irt c ontinouneit ds goletsoae s fko rin dependen-Spagaakv heisi m presstoio ns am ucmho dreis crwetaey (.4"
mineindt h elig hotfw hawta s seN atioAnarml (y1.')O n1 4. waayn da ttackSetadn leyville ceI.no thwero rdwseh, avneo t newsmCa.L n. B innemans: Septem1b9e6Vr4 a; ndewalle
happeinnAi nugg uasntSd ep- Decem1b9e6rM5 ,i kHe oare on2 4N ovemabf eewrh, ours createodr, organizoerd "Hoawr eth ingvise wiengd o · Ommegpa.1 n4g5,) :
!emb1e9r6. .:4A tth atitm teh e returntoeS do uAthfr icTah. e aftetrh e3 20B elgipaanr a- develooprre adis eudpc , am- vernmecnirtcalle Tsh?e sya y OnA ugu1s8tt 1h9 6S4,p aak
Conghoa dto b es avefrdo m AssociaPtreedsc so rrespon- trooplearnsd tehde re. paigmnso, vemoeron rtgsa ni- thaatr econciltiahtewio ind,e st meVt andewanaadllpe p roved
fallinimg,m ediaanttedol yta lly, danwt atso d ecla: r'We hen InA uguthsteA, merichaands zatioonfas n syo mrtt heC on- possibwloeu, oldp einnt eres- hisp la!no trh em ilitaliqryu ida-
intoth eh andosft h ere belli- onsep eatokhs i mab oCuot rn- alreaddeyl ivefroeudCr -130 goth awt ouhlda voep, enolry ting perspectivSeosm...e liono ft heM ulemlisot vement:
on.. .I nfa cittw atsh eo nlpyo s.- munishtsis,e yefsla slhik e transppolartn aenstd h re8e- coverptluys, htehdeC ongo- leadeirnsv,o lvinet dh ep re- thep lainn cludseedn dBinegl -
siblecu rea,n dW ashington lightniKnigll.i nCgo mmunists,2 6a n7dT -2p8la ntehsat ot ok Iespee optolae s fko irt sin de- . sentrto ublaerses,, e emingly, giano fficearsn dr ecruiting
andB russealdsm ittaesd hed eclarisel isk,ek illinvge r: parint t hefi ghting.pTehaes - penden"Tcehh.e"i gheinstte - •. r ecuperLaebtthl ee.jm oi nth e mercena' rSiepsa. ako r-
mucihf w, itthh eg reatoefs t minK.i llinAgfr icnaant ionalists antsa,r mewdit ha rrowans d resotf b otBh elgiuamndt h e reconciligaitviotehn e, mpo si- ganistehded ispatcohfai nllg
discret(i1o)n .' is likek.i llinagn imaI llsik, e speaorras t b eswti tahu toma- Conwgoa sto a chieivned e- . tionasn adb lowwi lbl es truck them ilitaeryq uipmtehnatt
Foarh igh-ranBkeilnggoia ffni- neithoenrne o trh eo theIa r.n d ticr iflews,e rceo mplectoenly: pendeanssc oeo ansp ossible att heC .N.TLh. i.s"C ouonfc il Vandewnaeleled feodrt he
cerc, ommanmdienrgc ena- mym enki llebde twefeivne fuseadn tde rrifbieytdh ea iar t- anads w ealls p ossiabnlien ,- NationLaibl eratiownh"i,c h Ornmeogpaenrga tion.
riesth, em ajooriwft yh owme re andte nth ousaCnodn golese tacks. dependienon tcheew,r o rtdos waasl reandoryte presentativeW hitlhee 5 00s0o ldieorft sh e
notorifoaussc isatepsp,a rently rebeinlst h ey eaarn dah aIlf TheF abriq•N uaet ionoafl e bea chiewveitduh s s oa sn ot otfh ew hoCleo ngopleesoep le VandewBarilgleaw deerf ieg ht
presenntoep dro bleMma.j or speinntt h eC ong'Bou.t'h t at's Hers(tlaalr gaersmtf asc toinr•y • • tob ea chiewveitdh ouusat nd woutlhde, nn,o bt e" national" ingin t hefi elSdp awakap sr e·
SiegfrMieudl leforr,in stance, noet noughhea, 'd deladc oni• Belgiudmel)iv e2re8tdo nosf againusst. ("A nnapleasrl e- ata lbl uwt oualdp peaasirm -. paritnhgein terveonfpt ioanra -
wenetv erywihnte hreCe o ngo .. call'yth, earere fo urtemeinll i- rockeatns5d 5 to nosfa rmfosr menta1ir9e6sN0 ,r5 . 2-5p3., posefrdo mou tsid(Lee.S oir troop•Os .n .N ovem8btehr
witNh aAzir mdye coraotino ns onC ongoyleoskuen ,o awn,I d theO mmegoapnegra Ttiohne. 27), 28-2J9u n6e4 ) 196S4p, amake Ht arrimina· n
hisc hesInta. b ooakb ohuits suppoasbeo uhta lof ft hem. enormfioreu-sp oowtfh eebr ri- Three suwlta tsh aTt shombe, NeYwo rTkh. dea ayf teMr,o n-
achieveminte hneCt so nhgeo· werree bealsto neti meo r .•g adoev erwhetlhmepe eda s• them urdeoref Lr umurriba dayth, eid eoafa c ommBoenl-
watsow rit:e' M yIr oCn roisss anothwehre Iw n atsh erHe.e' .a nttr oopwsh, wo erceo mple- S~aabko os"tnsa tiornea• l formehdis G overnmofe nt gian-Amearcitcioawnna esx -
stihll e.r.e.b umt yF uhrisen ro admittpeedr sonoarldlye ring telyu nprepfaorrae ' rde gular' conciliaintit ohenC "o ngo. natiounnailt hye,w atso h ave plainteodS ecreotalS ryta te
longtehre rteos eeth isw on• prisonteorb se t orturaendd wawr itlha rgtreo ocpo ncentra- thep leasoulsr ee eihnigm self DeaRnu sSkp. apalke adheisd
dertsuigl h(t2.') enjoinihnigss oldie: .r' Ks ill tionsT.h ewy eresh attered Fro1m9 6to11 96th5e S ocia: supporbteyd" L umurn.b. ists"c auswei thh isu suaals tute-
Thlee adoetfrh em ercenaries,e vereyn emtayk einnb attle, righdto wthne lin eM. Oitiehre, lisPt arwtya ps arotf t heg o- likLeu baagnaLd a nfgroi mth e nes(sV. andepw.a3l0le6 ).
theS ouAthfr icManik Heo are, whoehveeis r. ('3 ) SSr,e mar:k 'Tehdme acino - vernmDeunrti.tn hgips erioitd , C.Na.Ln.bd y K iwefwroamt h e Onth em ornoinfN go vember
hadb eeonf ficiarlelyc eived lumlna idw astthee v illages watsos hohwo win dependen-M.N.C.L. 24th3, 20B elgiapna ra-
anedn truswteithdhi sm ission thaht adb eeanb andobnye d cec oulbde a chiev"ewdit h Butth esfeew tr aitodrisdn ot troopjeurms poenSd tanleyvil•
byT shomMboeb, uNtue,n da- theipr opulatoionin tssw. ay. us"! succeinec do ntainthinemg o ; •. leT. hiws aasr aroep portunity
kaa nMd unonwghofoo, rmed Thme eanc telidk eso ldieinr s Att heb eginnoifn1 g9 6t4h,e vemeonfw t orkearnsdp eas- lors ocial-demtoos chraocwy
theN atioSneacl uCritoym mit- enemcoyu nt(r2y). ' populaurp risi.n sgp read antOs.nA ugu6sthSt tanleyvil· itst alenStsp: aawkh, ion h is
tee(.1 )O n2 9O ctob1e9r6 5 Thaisth owM obudteuf eated througthhoewu th ocleo untry . lef eliln ttoh eh anodfts h eL u• younygeear hrsa adc quiare d
Mobuwtauts op raitsheem er- theL umumtbhiasistth s o, hwe antdh reatethneAe dd ouGlao - mumrbeisvto lutionairies. reputaatsiao l enf timsto, unted
cenariniea sni n terviine' Lwa camtoep owePru.t th erbey vernment. theU NtOrib uinnte h em idoslt
LibrBee lgiq(uceo'n servative Belgicaonl onaenlsdm erce- TheB elgiFano reiAgnff·a irs "ThBee lginaeni,t hcerru el, anic ys ilence.
cathodlaicil :y' T) heayrge o od • nariferso mal l_otvheewr o rld. MinisStepra, aask o, ciadlisi·t , norra cist~ "Id on octo mhee rinet h ep osi-
viseadp olicayd apttoet dh e• tioonl t hea ccuswehdios g o-
circumstafinrscotef a slld:, ivi- Onloy ned ayla teAr, verell ingto p leagdu ilwtyi tehx tenu-
deth ere volutiotnharroieusg h HarrimUanni,t eSdta tesps e- atincgir cumstaanncdae ssk,
propoosf"a nlsa tiorneaclo nci- ciael nvolayn diendB russels fotrh ele nienocft hy ec ouIr t.
liatioantt" h; es amtiem ep,r e- ina h urrHy.e m eSt pafaokr comhee rwe ithth es trength
parthee m ilitamrye atnors e s- severhaol ursT.h el atter thadt erivferosm be iningt h e
toroer deOrn.J u n1e2 t1h9 64: speaiknts h efo llowwinogr ds righatn dh avinadg e acro n-
hew rottoeA dou"lAatl,hl ein - abotuhtim s eeti"nTgh:Ae m e- sciencBee. lgiuism n either
formaIt iroenc eiavger eoens ricanresa lalys kemde w het- colonianloisirmt , periaTlhiset .
onpeo initwt : ibll ev erdyi fficult heBr elgiuwmars e adfoyr a Belgiiasnn eithrearc isnto r
tor edutcheep reseunptr ising militaorpye ratAionndw. hen crueTlh. eM inisotefF ro reign
soleblyym ilitaarcyti oIb ne. lie- Mr.H arrimcaanm eth, isis AffaiorsfB elgiiusmp r outod
veth aitti sb apdo litticots h ink whawt ed iscus..s.We dea s- beawri tnetosth s iisna s olemn
onloyfc oercmiveea nifi sti ,s signeodu rselvae cse rtain andf.o rmawl ay(.S ecurity
possibwlieth, ojeuot pardisingn umboefd r utieinso rdetor Coun9ci Dl, ecem1b9e6r4 ,
an~heinsgs enttoioa bl,t aain heltph eC ongolGesoev ern- Con6g4op, .5 03-505).
politiscoallu ttihorno ungehg o- mend!u rinagg ivepne rioodf Onth ed aoy ft hea ggression,
ciation"sE."v erythtihnagt timeT.h ihs elcpo ualdlw ays Spawaka lse sws eilnl spired.
wouhlde ltpo m aintoaridne r bec alle(pdl eadsoen ost ay A9t a .mh.ed eclatroeh disf e l-
woubldee asiiefo rn hea tdh e herteh aIa t mcy nicbaulI,th a- low-count"rTymhoeep ne:r ati-
imprestshiaoatnr e conciliati· ven everthteosl easiyts) t ech- ont hawt ela unchisen do at
onw ausn dwear y(C'' on6g4o, nicahle lpra, thtehra mn ilitary militaornye It.s o nlgyo aislt o
P.158) interve.n..Tt ihoendy id it ,t hey savthee liv eosfa t housfaon-d
g
WitShp eaArrsr,o awnsd
reignemrse, nw, omeann d selveass1 echriicwiahnoss e Thiws also vae1f ir ss!i gahnt d,
child.r.e.T nh iissn oatm ilitary missliiomnii 11ss teolal dvising 1oth es hamoles o cial-demo-
operaatiogna inthse1re bels. theC ongocleasdere I ws.e n! craciyt c, anb es aitdo h ave
(Con6g4op, .40) theirneo rdteore xplawihnaI t bee1nh bee ginnoifna gl o ve
Oncea unn derstthaanV1da n- wantead r:e ailn 1egr:a '1 iont hawt atso l asSt evyeena rs Machetes
dewaslmle ilewdh ehner ead WhitaensBd lacaklsal ,r eo tti- la1einr,1 97n2o, bocdoyu ld
thesse1 atemIetw na1wss h. o ceras nda c1ueaxllyet rht eir foohl imsaebllo tuhte re acti-
hadb eelena dianf gu ll-scale authorNi~o. wth es oldiers onaaryn dn eo-colonnaia-list
militaorpye raftoio3r mn onths fromK itonhaa vneo c omple- lureo fM obuliNsmev. erthe-
onth ed ireocrtd eorlts h eg lib- xes!h: ecyo nsiidi peer rtectly lesas ,b uncohfs ocialleis•t "ThCeo nhgaoks n owchna os -Mulel•is btus th undreodf s -··· lesa npda coksl" d am(am"a -
tonguSepda aVka. ndewalle normloab l ec ommabnyd ed • ader-sL eburtVoann,D en from19 6to01 965c.a1m toe memboeft hrsel o canla tiona- gicm edicianreo)u nthde ir
hadw eull nderstthoeoin d- whioterb lacokff iceHrse.ra et, EyndCeu, deVlal,Hn oor-ijck restopree aceT.h" isis the lisyt oujtohi nethde mA.ltl h e neckasn db eltos scillated
structihoenh sa dre ceivine d GenerHael adquatrhteer s, • attendtheefdi r scto ngroefs s summoalM ryo buvtue'rss ion characteorifts htiepc es asant rh~hmicwaitllhtyh. esirt eps.
Novem"bTehlrei:q uidaotfio n Belgioafnfi ceerxse rcriesael theM obupliasrl tfyro mM ay olt heh istoorfZy a irTeh: neo - massceosu bldef o unindt h e Asw eapothnesby r andished
there voluliognoavreyr nmentr esponsaabsiilf it thieewsy, e - 21stotM a2y3 r1d9 72. tionth aItn dependDeanyc e wawr agebdyt heM ulelists. speawrsh osseh arbpla des
isn eedaessd o oansp ossible rein t heB elgaiarnm y"(CongoT heby rougthhet.f ollowing woumlde athne b eginnoifn g • Thelya unc•hm eads saivte; werseh inibnegc auosfc eo n-
(Ommepg.a3n2g2,) 65p, .246). messwagittehh emTh: dee le: chaowsa dsu teo t heB elgian tacktsh,ew atyh eairn cestors slants harpenOintgh.e rs
• galloonlt h eB elgSiaonc ialist settleIrnsd. etehde iym med- didw, ittho taclo ntefmotrph te wavehde avcylu bsh,e ad-
OnN ovem2b4et1hr 9 6t4h e Parlteydb, yit stw por esidents, iateslyet th emsetolwv eosrink ruleosfm odewranr taTreh.e breakBeurast .lol ft hehma ad
lwoe ssenitniaglr edieonf ts LeoC ollaardn dP aul-Henri expresitssge rsa titutodt hee ordteors totph icsh acoasl led peasafonutsg whitt thh eo nly machaettt hee bire ll.
• aniyn telligaennedtf ficiiemn·t Spacaoku tlhdu psr ouddely- M.Pa.Rnt.do i t sp residGeen-t IndependTehneccyer e. ated weapothnescy o umld aster: TheM ulewlee rae h undred
periapliostli wcye rpeu tto ge!- clarthea tht ein depenodfe nce neraMl obuSteus See kfoo r thest aotelK atanwghaec roel - speaarrsr,o wansmd achetes. yardasw aVye, crylo sIetg .a ve
hero:n !h eo neh antdh,ee x- . theC ongwoa fsin alalyc hie- beiningv itteoad n ads sociated onial rule dominated Thebye lievtheadmt agriitcu - thes oldietrhse s hudders.
.tl rheefmi erilegdO hd. nttoh ee!ohs ted h iehrtjraoy n biand , ve',d.w ' .i.t.uh,.,.. s, ., ." ~. .·. . wlioitnahit n sad itn sCn iovnegrcsreaeTlrseyhsb •e.r .a . - cmoummpMbleapTt,eo hlOlyeo.kyk, i iltlMoe,Ldb u u•y i aMlsmo baudtstheuoe 'lsumd niep vrausnl nicekiriea db,l e.•1Ss l1uo dpdpOee• ndntlt.lhyhy e es o snhogotfsh a elin g
reform"leisttwt " ratphsem er- existicnogo perabteiotwne en ando the"trr oublemaItk ers"w. ams osbtley cauthseefy e lt rebeclos ubldeh earTdh. ere
chandinins eic heu manilarianl twatsh eB elgiaarnm syu, p..- botcho untmrieusbs etl u rther tootkh etmhr eyee atrosc reate theg enehroasl tiolifta yn atio• - wasso mhee sitaTtihoenthn. e
speecahnedsif, p ossibinle ,. portbe~db attalioofmn se rc'e - developine tdh ey eartso a blacbku reaucbroautircg e- nalipset ople. samidee caa mtoet h em inodf
progresosnievse. nariet sa tc rushtehdeu p- comient, h ein tereosfbt so th oisieT.h ela ttewr ash ighly ougr endar"mTheesay reu n-
risinognb ehoaftl lh eN ational partn.e..Tr so da!hye,M .P.R. paifdo rb einag w ind-screen" Theia reu nvulne.r.a ble -vulner..a.L beletf' sle e(!"R e-
- CongoAlensme(A y. N.CSo.) . anidts p residceanbnte p roud behinwdh icAhm ericaannd Let'fsle e!" bellioanusC ongIIo V erha·
thec hieofft heA .N.hCe.,l ped ofh avintagk eunpt h ec hal- Belgiina1ne rceosutssldh elter. egen•Cpr.is2p9 T8)h,e w ar
MQbUatu bll:a ~·G ke neral byq uitae f ewB elgicaonl - • lengthee sye llh emselilvvee s •T hCe ongopleesoepq luei ckly Ap upoinlh olidwaiytn esas ed wagebdy t heM uleliisnt s
~ oneblse, catmheset romnga n. yeaarsg oT.h ewye raeb lteo understthoemo de anoinlt hge fighitn Kibangbuelatw; een 1964-1w96a5si ndeead
ObdtrccadBhb"G1halaalisrala2enaehaeaLlleJmm tn d t1fG croicntihatbaoms"bs df o9hkkee eIAl maen rM:erneBwb6e aroe recntsteedupaleco5p tehonf nfi ksIee:v;veonel"ada,nrleb lJ egw Irraeooyprdnahl rdn aua tln ittKd ejleherednDqie etMtnthlosesop b eu,adJefniradupcse a ts fovlJt rlor,aoro adn eelase ekyG sear bTnnntec"me ceni,ss orsennt eus haehnyknhaved=Iolarua snnt e, te c,seeineu l h a tde•e-en ir tn. iro n e- n" ycn.sdg e • ,lweMsGhsaabcHBnNeetoxinneaeae.Iemaoow bfnpdodslntWls rnniBbvogeu sr .pi ta betec esmeus- btrievtoeethasMhgueen armoostbeael r2 iouaanaelst b,sdttsc ageo c o ib5ad lid etsnudeseeil wntar b,Jawyetseie ve eenfei1btsoh fHmouz ielww roherladevpa rdr m9yn s elast aeer!lhareeradueotehe 6h l hee yt doloacaidr Loy e ewr isrsS5iesea pBsysiscewd s. ifh,rnurS ,"v ese cp ht Frcoe u Ohso rtaeoortua-uonoplla:i.wDgecnnnus• ta m arr-e• yi,t i nnek- b·.•,- - s leir TeftldcncsalosaiRiimohosooto .aplnhtfitr PrauhtognBnhauuput diwt ist ihsaarh genonru m usrh awiac urtltetcr adntsulpralo ttosflhserenie sea eyutoecn ac.Tycfeeuwatis s6dnarP srlZrtoncnis ltthltrd nroi ot, i1u toy u oeepif adoto aenB et.iG cofht -s nns smi islnhiw bbed6 irniritreefat l e t ah( ee ereaili2h la aDqgraslyntes. -sweMse)eSritl utim deu.orie hatq ifc r uim oe.fenines enuiltPoenoinec-imth,tc uo arwpeif l.i-·rutet. Ra lnbrnoeis aoolse- l ..ec -ern mkrs a siec yr Ttwcdrscsdwebblaeeoeoaeenllhoaaa,dMvwHmcuv Benterrtc.oitcpoad lra pyohac eoldkpi"rleuoingn t anebcagnytnlws ae g!xhpodedarll nutehe pl rdTeiu uiaure ,eTtgataiitdateoo dhn nsvheurhtldapanwsn lycaty tv eeeggs el.eht npoehcid s o ttteehniroyr n iehhtdoe no u lorruwe sMbof sie uoBetdmannspta ytnAhbeim lp eoaw tcee.ed t"biahy dt!ilanbiitdlboo heehonnegh r aolcuuydpne rief g,ie sue aet c•ll, u yme- "n a s. -" vtTddlulowawwKBiehseiupunhaueeaeleatterr sdetshbttcrrrsr"aifdwnwcihi h"reed isn Bn.nateahrh l aod fuheee ,ig oer myaotno mz ne trhr tux t4uarogareeeasdhibeideootwnr0ktndta, n Ttkiiee aoi mee hmrfd·iKhn0dg Mseayn ha Tr rmbs e agm e. eatansoaedebh y'ohtroibwti Ma-s sarr lci c l lhso e beffbb d yyuoth,l eoaoMseva ieuy e". uscrniaa nswStfMli un spl lldnoo uigtolpnts eseeasriigorulonleiodete--,--tys d- s.gurn •r.e s . su-s , ' n egetgdpfpispkMHsnoiree vidrelrettovats aeehhEeel usotivwtcrissienoLrewsa r lncmptxoeeleyssOue gefept i at ,lnods h v ewhtewe dvt cnottooc h reoehadie'wt,teit"aiklhsotf tao hunCei l inUo rhrteu sriienTCn Teoita , pollMa1.dboceehl pn rtn ht alhoiefsn9C ean sso eeiw agtteGoden.asrd6hrl Zd gdnyoo o aa a Fn cgs 6ieeot euanptwr gcsh iaoctro.danneldtrgteloeee taeboehynrhoy a neonooxo s di myn i tefs-drultn-slk s e ia-e "f n- g ilsce-.e
odafintf hfNdiecf .iu CTrslhn.ttO.s eeB t w.ibersllea l ggtitoaaatfhrnlwfidioe ca nmes r -s tv1rpo.ya1.r 2na o9db(.u7 l•Cy r)w"s,o o mudbilndeaa vtsce fhlaoe·p v es cwaareeanfrl tt a. h tetpte yirnr annawotclsth lhe eet hpnireo y- MobAuPa tuerm'oswp yaw lfselea 'ser. i nreg-, wtvsheheebdotfro iue urwil t"nlieanMcgttrogths,uhd n e,"les esM m mstleauaiD,n Mn lie,get mullifyoenylo.er"gi n-l eg cccpeoootdlmpohd uneemuoli apwaeorrltn riihnssc! he miMeneyrsnge,a a i aZd:lonu oree ndisfet d eh tesoooed n- g
treatfinrogms e vemraal jcolr- • maMi, uleTleh"g.e e ndarmes haadl readdeys criabs eimd i·
tiesw ithofiugth linTgh.es o l- slartteodd outbhtee fficiency lasr iluataiott hneb eginnoiln g
dierfse lst ubmerbgyet hde oft hewire apoTnhdse.i s tance theC hineresveo luwtiohne:n
tidoelL umumnabtisiot nalism.l essen2e0dy0:a rd1s5, a0n d "savagpee"a sasnlrtus ggles
Entigrea rrisownesrj eo ining paninicc reastionoghkloy lodf startienHd unparno vinthcee ,
thep eopele.g, i.n K asongo ourg endarmA ehsu.n dred opportuncirsittisc iztehde ir
andP aulaistt,e hra vinshgo t yardNso! twh ecyo uslde teh e "exaggeraWtihoitnlhese r"e -
dowthne ciro mmander. rebetlhsr outghhes mookel volutionwarhieosle -heartedly
Ont he1 6tho fj uly1 964, thes hootAinlklg i.n dosfg ras- suppotrhteissd t rugogftl eh e
Tshomthbepe r,e sidoefM nat - sesa ndb anaonrap almle - lundamcelanstasole lt hse p e-
niemPar ovindceec larine d avewse rhea ngrionugnt hde ir ople.
Kind"uW: ea reo nlyla cing waisTtsh.e sgera ssceosv er-
gangs9te0r%so;lt hep opula- edth etirro useBrrsa.n csheets EndeatvQQwuart rhdees r e-
tioinsw itmh eH".e d ecreae d int hebire lglsa vthee amw ild· atiaonfa r evatutipoonlai·[ )'
genermalo bilisawtihoinc h er andf ierceloro kT. heir ticalel adership.
yieldaebdo au ht undrseodl- chesatnsad r mwse rceo vered
dierws ithw hohme• m oved witahn imsakli ns. Thset renogl!l hhe1 96p4o pu-
againthset e nemOyn.t he Whilteh eyw erem arching, lamr ovemweatnsht ec o mmit·
wayth, ew arridoirssa ppearedt heihr ead-dremssaedosel, menotfw idme assoefw s or-
onaet tearn ot.h.T.e hr cei toy l feathearns da nimsakl ins kerasn pde asatont htses t rug-
Kindwua lsib erabteytd h irty lookleikdel io nm'sa neBso.t t- glel\.s W ?akn~east§hs ea b-
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11
WitShp eaArrsr,o awnsd
reignemrse, nw, omeann d selveass1 echriicwiahnoss e Thiws also vae1f ir ss!i gahnt d,
child.r.e.T nh iissn oatm ilitary missliiomnii 11ss teolal dvising 1oth es hamoles o cial-demo-
operaatiogna inthse1re bels. theC ongocleasdere I ws.e n! craciyt c, anb es aitdo h ave
(Con6g4op, .40) theirneo rdteore xplawihnaI t bee1nh bee ginnoifna gl o ve
Oncea unn derstthaanV1da n- wantead r:e ailn 1egr:a '1 iont hawt atso l asSt evyeena rs Machetes
dewaslmle ilewdh ehner ead WhitaensBd lacaklsal ,r eo tti- la1einr,1 97n2o, bocdoyu ld
thesse1 atemIetw na1wss h. o ceras nda c1ueaxllyet rht eir foohl imsaebllo tuhte re acti-
hadb eelena dianf gu ll-scale authorNi~o. wth es oldiers onaaryn dn eo-colonnaia-list
militaorpye raftoio3r mn onths fromK itonhaa vneo c omple- lureo fM obuliNsmev. erthe-
onth ed ireocrtd eorlts h eg lib- xes!h: ecyo nsiidi peer rtectly lesas ,b uncohfs ocialleis•t "ThCeo nhgaoks n owchna os -Mulel•is btus th undreodf s -··· lesa npda coksl" d am(am"a -
tonguSepda aVka. ndewalle normloab l ec ommabnyd ed • ader-sL eburtVoann,D en from19 6to01 965c.a1m toe memboeft hrsel o canla tiona- gicm edicianreo)u nthde ir
hadw eull nderstthoeoin d- whioterb lacokff iceHrse.ra et, EyndCeu, deVlal,Hn oor-ijck restopree aceT.h" isis the lisyt oujtohi nethde mA.ltl h e neckasn db eltos scillated
structihoenh sa dre ceivine d GenerHael adquatrhteer s, • attendtheefdi r scto ngroefs s summoalM ryo buvtue'rss ion characteorifts htiepc es asant rh~hmicwaitllhtyh. esirt eps.
Novem"bTehlrei:q uidaotfio n Belgioafnfi ceerxse rcriesael theM obupliasrl tfyro mM ay olt heh istoorfZy a irTeh: neo - massceosu bldef o unindt h e Asw eapothnesby r andished
there voluliognoavreyr nmentr esponsaabsiilf it thieewsy, e - 21stotM a2y3 r1d9 72. tionth aItn dependDeanyc e wawr agebdyt heM ulelists. speawrsh osseh arbpla des
isn eedaessd o oansp ossible rein t heB elgaiarnm y"(CongoT heby rougthhet.f ollowing woumlde athne b eginnoifn g • Thelya unc•hm eads saivte; werseh inibnegc auosfc eo n-
(Ommepg.a3n2g2,) 65p, .246). messwagittehh emTh: dee le: chaowsa dsu teo t heB elgian tacktsh,ew atyh eairn cestors slants harpenOintgh.e rs
• galloonlt h eB elgSiaonc ialist settleIrnsd. etehde iym med- didw, ittho taclo ntefmotrph te wavehde avcylu bsh,e ad-
OnN ovem2b4et1hr 9 6t4h e Parlteydb, yit stw por esidents, iateslyet th emsetolwv eosrink ruleosfm odewranr taTreh.e breakBeurast .lol ft hehma ad
lwoe ssenitniaglr edieonf ts LeoC ollaardn dP aul-Henri expresitssge rsa titutodt hee ordteors totph icsh acoasl led peasafonutsg whitt thh eo nly machaettt hee bire ll.
• aniyn telligaennedtf ficiiemn·t Spacaoku tlhdu psr ouddely- M.Pa.Rnt.do i t sp residGeen-t IndependTehneccyer e. ated weapothnescy o umld aster: TheM ulewlee rae h undred
periapliostli wcye rpeu tto ge!- clarthea tht ein depenodfe nce neraMl obuSteus See kfoo r thest aotelK atanwghaec roel - speaarrsr,o wansmd achetes. yardasw aVye, crylo sIetg .a ve
hero:n !h eo neh antdh,ee x- . theC ongwoa fsin alalyc hie- beiningv itteoad n ads sociated onial rule dominated Thebye lievtheadmt agriitcu - thes oldietrhse s hudders.
.tl rheefmi erilegdO hd. nttoh ee!ohs ted h iehrtjraoy n biand , ve',d.w ' .i.t.uh,.,.. s, ., ." ~. .·. . wlioitnahit n sad itn sCn iovnegrcsreaeTlrseyhsb •e.r .a . - cmoummpMbleapTt,eo hlOlyeo.kyk, i iltlMoe,Ldb u u•y i aMlsmo baudtstheuoe 'lsumd niep vrausnl nicekiriea db,l e.•1Ss l1uo dpdpOee• ndntlt.lhyhy e es o snhogotfsh a elin g
reform"leisttwt " ratphsem er- existicnogo perabteiotwne en ando the"trr oublemaItk ers"w. ams osbtley cauthseefy e lt rebeclos ubldeh earTdh. ere
chandinins eic heu manilarianl twatsh eB elgiaarnm syu, p..- botcho untmrieusbs etl u rther tootkh etmhr eyee atrosc reate theg enehroasl tiolifta yn atio• - wasso mhee sitaTtihoenthn. e
speecahnedsif, p ossibinle ,. portbe~db attalioofmn se rc'e - developine tdh ey eartso a blacbku reaucbroautircg e- nalipset ople. samidee caa mtoet h em inodf
progresosnievse. nariet sa tc rushtehdeu p- comient, h ein tereosfbt so th oisieT.h ela ttewr ash ighly ougr endar"mTheesay reu n-
risinognb ehoaftl lh eN ational partn.e..Tr so da!hye,M .P.R. paifdo rb einag w ind-screen" Theia reu nvulne.r.a ble -vulner..a.L beletf' sle e(!"R e-
- CongoAlensme(A y. N.CSo.) . anidts p residceanbnte p roud behinwdh icAhm ericaannd Let'fsle e!" bellioanusC ongIIo V erha·
thec hieofft heA .N.hCe.,l ped ofh avintagk eunpt h ec hal- Belgiina1ne rceosutssldh elter. egen•Cpr.is2p9 T8)h,e w ar
MQbUatu bll:a ~·G ke neral byq uitae f ewB elgicaonl - • lengthee sye llh emselilvvee s •T hCe ongopleesoepq luei ckly Ap upoinlh olidwaiytn esas ed wagebdy t heM uleliisnt s
~ oneblse, catmheset romnga n. yeaarsg oT.h ewye raeb lteo understthoemo de anoinlt hge fighitn Kibangbuelatw; een 1964-1w96a5si ndeead
ObdtrccadBhb"G1halaalisrala2enaehaeaLlleJmm tn d t1fG croicntihatbaoms"bs df o9hkkee eIAl maen rM:erneBwb6e aroe recntsteedupaleco5p tehonf nfi ksIee:v;veonel"ada,nrleb lJ egw Irraeooyprdnahl rdn aua tln ittKd ejleherednDqie etMtnthlosesop b eu,adJefniradupcse a ts fovlJt rlor,aoro adn eelase ekyG sear bTnnntec"me ceni,ss orsennt eus haehnyknhaved=Iolarua snnt e, te c,seeineu l h a tde•e-en ir tn. iro n e- n" ycn.sdg e • ,lweMsGhsaabcHBnNeetoxinneaeae.Iemaoow bfnpdodslntWls rnniBbvogeu sr .pi ta betec esmeus- btrievtoeethasMhgueen armoostbeael r2 iouaanaelst b,sdttsc ageo c o ib5ad lid etsnudeseeil wntar b,Jawyetseie ve eenfei1btsoh fHmouz ielww roherladevpa rdr m9yn s elast aeer!lhareeradueotehe 6h l hee yt doloacaidr Loy e ewr isrsS5iesea pBsysiscewd s. ifh,rnurS ,"v ese cp ht Frcoe u Ohso rtaeoortua-uonoplla:i.wDgecnnnus• ta m arr-e• yi,t i nnek- b·.•,- - s leir TeftldcncsalosaiRiimohosooto .aplnhtfitr PrauhtognBnhauuput diwt ist ihsaarh genonru m usrh awiac urtltetcr adntsulpralo ttosflhserenie sea eyutoecn ac.Tycfeeuwatis s6dnarP srlZrtoncnis ltthltrd nroi ot, i1u toy u oeepif adoto aenB et.iG cofht -s nns smi islnhiw bbed6 irniritreefat l e t ah( ee ereaili2h la aDqgraslyntes. -sweMse)eSritl utim deu.orie hatq ifc r uim oe.fenines enuiltPoenoinec-imth,tc uo arwpeif l.i-·rutet. Ra lnbrnoeis aoolse- l ..ec -ern mkrs a siec yr Ttwcdrscsdwebblaeeoeoaeenllhoaaa,dMvwHmcuv Benterrtc.oitcpoad lra pyohac eoldkpi"rleuoingn t anebcagnytnlws ae g!xhpodedarll nutehe pl rdTeiu uiaure ,eTtgataiitdateoo dhn nsvheurhtldapanwsn lycaty tv eeeggs el.eht npoehcid s o ttteehniroyr n iehhtdoe no u lorruwe sMbof sie uoBetdmannspta ytnAhbeim lp eoaw tcee.ed t"biahy dt!ilanbiitdlboo heehonnegh r aolcuuydpne rief g,ie sue aet c•ll, u yme- "n a s. -" vtTddlulowawwKBiehseiupunhaueeaeleatterr sdetshbttcrrrsr"aifdwnwcihi h"reed isn Bn.nateahrh l aod fuheee ,ig oer myaotno mz ne trhr tux t4uarogareeeasdhibeideootwnr0ktndta, n Ttkiiee aoi mee hmrfd·iKhn0dg Mseayn ha Tr rmbs e agm e. eatansoaedebh y'ohtroibwti Ma-s sarr lci c l lhso e beffbb d yyuoth,l eoaoMseva ieuy e". uscrniaa nswStfMli un spl lldnoo uigtolpnts eseeasriigorulonleiodete--,--tys d- s.gurn •r.e s . su-s , ' n egetgdpfpispkMHsnoiree vidrelrettovats aeehhEeel usotivwtcrissienoLrewsa r lncmptxoeeleyssOue gefept i at ,lnods h v ewhtewe dvt cnottooc h reoehadie'wt,teit"aiklhsotf tao hunCei l inUo rhrteu sriienTCn Teoita , pollMa1.dboceehl pn rtn ht alhoiefsn9C ean sso eeiw agtteGoden.asrd6hrl Zd gdnyoo o aa a Fn cgs 6ieeot euanptwr gcsh iaoctro.danneldtrgteloeee taeboehynrhoy a neonooxo s di myn i tefs-drultn-slk s e ia-e "f n- g ilsce-.e
odafintf hfNdiecf .iu CTrslhn.ttO.s eeB t w.ibersllea l ggtitoaaatfhrnlwfidioe ca nmes r -s tv1rpo.ya1.r 2na o9db(.u7 l•Cy r)w"s,o o mudbilndeaa vtsce fhlaoe·p v es cwaareeanfrl tt a. h tetpte yirnr annawotclsth lhe eet hpnireo y- MobAuPa tuerm'oswp yaw lfselea 'ser. i nreg-, wtvsheheebdotfro iue urwil t"nlieanMcgttrogths,uhd n e,"les esM m mstleauaiD,n Mn lie,get mullifyoenylo.er"gi n-l eg cccpeoootdlmpohd uneemuoli apwaeorrltn riihnssc! he miMeneyrsnge,a a i aZd:lonu oree ndisfet d eh tesoooed n- g
treatfinrogms e vemraal jcolr- • maMi, uleTleh"g.e e ndarmes haadl readdeys criabs eimd i·
tiesw ithofiugth linTgh.es o l- slartteodd outbhtee fficiency lasr iluataiott hneb eginnoiln g
dierfse lst ubmerbgyet hde oft hewire apoTnhdse.i s tance theC hineresveo luwtiohne:n
tidoelL umumnabtisiot nalism.l essen2e0dy0:a rd1s5, a0n d "savagpee"a sasnlrtus ggles
Entigrea rrisownesrj eo ining paninicc reastionoghkloy lodf startienHd unparno vinthcee ,
thep eopele.g, i.n K asongo ourg endarmA ehsu.n dred opportuncirsittisc iztehde ir
andP aulaistt,e hra vinshgo t yardNso! twh ecyo uslde teh e "exaggeraWtihoitnlhese r"e -
dowthne ciro mmander. rebetlhsr outghhes mookel volutionwarhieosle -heartedly
Ont he1 6tho fj uly1 964, thes hootAinlklg i.n dosfg ras- suppotrhteissd t rugogftl eh e
Tshomthbepe r,e sidoefM nat - sesa ndb anaonrap almle - lundamcelanstasole lt hse p e-
niemPar ovindceec larine d avewse rhea ngrionugnt hde ir ople.
Kind"uW: ea reo nlyla cing waisTtsh.e sgera ssceosv er-
gangs9te0r%so;lt hep opula- edth etirro useBrrsa.n csheets EndeatvQQwuart rhdees r e-
tioinsw itmh eH".e d ecreae d int hebire lglsa vthee amw ild· atiaonfa r evatutipoonlai·[ )'
genermalo bilisawtihoinc h er andf ierceloro kT. heir ticalel adership.
yieldaebdo au ht undrseodl- chesatnsad r mwse rceo vered
dierws ithw hohme• m oved witahn imsakli ns. Thset renogl!l hhe1 96p4o pu-
againthset e nemOyn.t he Whilteh eyw erem arching, lamr ovemweatnsht ec o mmit·
wayth, ew arridoirssa ppearedt heihr ead-dremssaedosel, menotfw idme assoefw s or-
onaet tearn ot.h.T.e hr cei toy l feathearns da nimsakl ins kerasn pde asatont htses t rug-
Kindwua lsib erabteytd h irty lookleikdel io nm'sa neBso.t t- glel\.s W ?akn~east§hs ea b-
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11