The Penguin Dictionary of Geography

472 Pages·1998·28.718 MB·English

by  Audrey N. Clark

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PENGUIN REFERENCE BOOKS
THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF
GEOGRAPHY
x\udrey N. Clark is an author, editor and publisher. She was personal
assistant to Sir Dudley Stamp from 1940 until his death in 1966;
Secretary of the First Land Utilization Survey of Britain, and served
in the Planning Branch, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Audrey Clark is Director of Geographical Publications Ltd; editor
of the World Land Use Survey Series, International Geographical
Union; publisher to the Department of Land Economy, Cambridge,
and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Her books, which are all published by Longman, include the
Longman Dictionary of Geography: Human and Physical; A Glossary
of Geographical Terms (3rd edn); Chisholm’s Handbook of Commercial
Geography (19th and 20th edns); The World (19th edn); A Commercial
Geography (9th edn); and she edited the New Geography for Today
senes.
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THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF
GEOGRAPHY
Audrey N. Clark
SECOND EDITION
PENGUIN BOOKS
V V
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
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Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London w8 5TZ, England
Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2
Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
The Longman Dictionary of Geography: Human and Physical
published by Longman 1985
An abridged and revised edition published by arrangement with
Longman Group UK Ltd as The New Penguin Dictionary of Geography
in Penguin Books 1990
Reprinted as The Penguin Dictionary of Geography 1993
Second edition 1998
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Copyright © Geographical Publications Ltd, 1985
Copyright © Audrey N. Clark, 1990, 1998
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Typeset in 8.5/iopt Monotype Bembo
Typeset by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives pic
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
PREFACE
In the Preface to the first edition of this dictionary (1990) it was pointed out that
geography as a discipline spans the humanities, the natural and the social sciences;
has many specialist branches; is concerned not only with the physical phenomena
of the planet (as in physical geography) but with the way in which people interact
with them, and with each other (as in human geography). This breadth of view
has led geographers to draw on some of the terminology of disciplines that impinge
on their work (including anthropology, archaeology, economics, law, literature,
medicine, philosophy, psychology, sociology etc., in the human sphere; and
astronomy, biology, botany, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, soil science
etc., in the physical), as well as on that of technical subjects such as cartography,
remote sensing, surveying, mathematics and statistics.
Since 1990 swift progress in geography and these related disciplines has greatly
extended the vocabulary in use in geographical literature and texts. To accommo¬
date the advance this second edition of the dictionary has been updated and
expanded, incorporating over 750 terms additional to those appearing in the first
edition.
Geographers are, of course, supremely well placed to study environmental
problems as well as present and potential effects of globalization. These aspects are
well covered in this edition, which is designed to meet the needs of students from
GCSE to first year college and university. The level of language used in the
definitions is commensurate with the level of difficulty of the term involved.
It is obviously impossible to cover in detail in a concise dictionary such as this
all the terms used by geographers (this has been done in the Longman Dictionary of
Geography: Human and Physical, 724 pages, over 10 500 entries). But the most
frequently used terms, with succinct definitions, appear here.
Constructive criticism and suggestions for additions will be warmly welcomed.
Audrey N. Clark
1998
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LIST OF FIGURES
1 (a) Anticline and anticlinorium 18
(b) Syncline and synclinorium 18
2 Anticyclone 18
3 The London basin: a typical artesian basin and well 23
4 Layers of the atmosphere 26
5 Pressure belts and the circulation of the atmosphere 27
6 Barchan 34
7 Batholith and metamorphic aureole 3 8
8 Bid price curve, bid rent curve, and land use 45
9 (a) Central place theory market areas 66
(b) Central place theory: transport networks 67
10 Cirque 72
11 The formation of cliffs 75
12 Burgess’s concentric zone theory 85
13 Delta forms 106
14 A depression as shown on a weather chart 109
15 Section through a depression 109
16 Dip 113
17 Drainage patterns 118-19
18 The earth’s orbit, and seasons in the northern hemisphere 12 o
C
19 Electromagnetic spectrum 130
20 Eskers, moraines and outwash fans 136
21 Extrusive and intrusive rocks 141
22 Direction of movement at some types of fault 146
23 Terminology of a fault 146
24 Types of fold, and terminology 155
25 The hydrological cycle 194
26 Land and sea breezes 220
27 Latitude and longitude 225
28 Longshore drift 234
29 Meanders 247
30 The national grid of the British Ordnance Survey 266
31 Examples of networks 272
32 The nitrogen cycle 275
33 An occlusion: section and plan 281
34 The ocean currents of the world in January 282
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