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The Peculiarities of Crossing and Reproduction of the Land Snail Xeropicta derbentina (Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) near the Northern Area Boundases PDF

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Vestnik zoologii, 36(5): 47—54, 2002 Ýêîëîãèÿ © Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ, 2002 ÓÄÊ 591.524.11 ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈÈ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ È ÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈß ÄÎÍÍÎÃÎ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ  ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÅ ÅÃÎ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè þæíûõ ìîðåé ÍÀÍÓ, ïð. Íàõèìîâà, 2, Ñåâàñòîïîëü, 99011 Óêðàèíà Ïîëó÷åíî 11 íîÿáðÿ 2000 Òåíäåíöèè èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ äîííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà â ïðîöåññå åãî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ. Ìàçëóìÿí Ñ. À., Ïðîñâèðîâ Þ. Â. – Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñîîáùåñòâ íàáëþäàëè â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëü- íûõ è ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðèáðåæíûõ âîä çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Êðûìà (×åðíîå ìîðå). Ïàðàëëåëü- íî ñ ïîñòàíîâêîé îïûòîâ îòáèðàëè ïðîáû áåíòîñà. Èçó÷åíà äèíàìèêà ïîêàçàòåëåé ðàçíîîáðà- çèÿ, âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà è âûðîâíåííîñòè.  ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ âûøå â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ñîîáùåñòâå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðèðîäíûì áèîöåíîçîì äíà, à ïîêàçàòåëè áîãàòñòâà âèäîâ âûøå â áèîöåíîçå äíà.  ïåðèîä íåâûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåðîïëàíêòîíà ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà è áèî- öåíîçà äíà áëèçêè ïî çíà÷åíèþ. Óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñòðóêòóðû ýñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà îïðå- äåëÿåòñÿ ñåçîíîì íà÷àëà êîëîíèçàöèè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: áåíòîñ, ñòðóêòóðà ñîîáùåñòâ, ëîãèò-àíàëèç, èíäåêñû ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Structure and Diversity of Benthic Community During Succession. Mazlumian S. À., Prosvi- rov Yu. V. – Successional studies were performed under experimental and natural conditions in coastal waters of Western Crimea (Black Sea). The studies involved evaluation of the temporal diver- sity dynamics, species richness and evenness in experimental and bottom communities. In the period of increasing density of meroplankton, species diversity was higher in the experimental community. However, at the same period, species richness was higher in the bottom community. In the period of low density of meroplankton the diversity of experimental and bottom communities were similar. The season of colonization determined the equilibrium steady-state of experimental community. Key words: bentos, structure of communities, log-normal plotting method, diversity indexes. Ââåäåíèå Ïåñ÷àíûå ãðóíòû çàíèìàþò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïëîùàäü â íàèáîëåå ïðîäóêòèâíîé ìåëêîâîäíîé ÷àñòè ×åðíîãî ìîðÿ. Äëÿ íèõ õàðàêòåðíû âûñîêèå áèîìàññà è ÷èñëåííîñòü áåíòîñíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ.  ñâÿçè ñ àíòðîïîãåííûì âîçäåéñòâèåì (äîáû÷à ïåñêà, äíîóãëóáèòåëüíûå ðàáîòû) è ó÷àñòèâøèìèñÿ â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ çàìîðíûìè ÿâëåíèÿìè, îáðàçóþòñÿ îáøèðíûå ó÷àñòêè îòíîñèòåëüíî áåçæèçíåííî- ãî ïåñ÷àíîãî äíà. ×åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ îíè íà÷èíàþò çàñåëÿòüñÿ áåíòîñíûìè îðãàíèçìàìè. Äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïðèáðåæíîé áèîòû, âàæíî çíàòü ñêîðîñòü çàñåëåíèÿ òàêèõ àêâàòî- ðèé, èìåòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñòðóêòóðå ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ ñîîáùåñòâ, èõ óñòîé÷èâîñòè, íàïðàâëåíèè ñóêöåññèè. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ðàáîòû ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ äîííûõ ñîîáùåñòâ íà ïåñ÷àíîì ãðóíòå ïðîâå- äåíû â ìîðå. Ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ ïîñòàíîâêîé îïûòîâ îòáèðàëè ïðîáû áåíòîñà ðó÷íûì âîäîëàçíûì äíî- ÷åðïàòåëåì (Êèñåëåâà, 1976) ïëîùàäüþ çàõâàòà 0,08 ì2 ñ ìåøêîì èç ìåëüíè÷íîãî ãàçà ¹ 49. Ïðî- ìûâàëè ïðîáû ôëîòàöèåé ÷åðåç ìåøîê èç ìåëüíè÷íîãî ãàçà ¹ 70. Äî âèäà îïðåäåëÿëè ïîëèõåò è ìîëëþñêîâ. Îñòàëüíûå ãðóïïû îïðåäåëÿëè äî êëàññà. Áûëî ïðîâåäåíî 2 ñåðèè ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ äîííûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ïåñ÷àíûõ ãðóí- òîâ.  îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçîâàëè ÷åòûðåõÿ÷åèñòûå êàðêàñû âûñîòîé 0,4 ì ñ êâàäðàòíûìè âàííàìè èç ïèùåâîãî ïîëèýòèëåíà. Âûñîòà âàíí – 10 ñì, ïëîùàäü – 1156 ñì2.  âàííû áûë íàñûïàí ïåñîê ñëîåì 7 ñì. Äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ñìûâà âåðõíåãî ñëîÿ áåçæèçíåííîãî ãðóíòà âàííû ïåðåä ïîäúåìîì íàêðûâàëè ÷åõëîì. Ñ öåëüþ èçó÷åíèÿ ïðîöåññà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ äîííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà íà ãðóíòå ïðîâåäåíà ïåðâàÿ ñåðèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ. Âàííû áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû 24 ôåâðàëÿ 1982 ã. â ðàéîíå ã. Ñåâàñòîïîëÿ â áóõòå 48 Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ Ïåñ÷àíàÿ íà ãëóáèíå 13 ì. Îäèí ðàç â ìåñÿö âàííû âûíèìàëè. Ñðîê ýêñïîçèöèè ïîñëåäíèõ âàíí, ïîäíÿòûõ 30 àâãóñòà, ñîñòàâèë 189 äíåé. Îïûòû àíàëîãè÷íîãî õàðàêòåðà áûëè ïðîâåäåíû â 2 ýòàïà â Êàçà÷üåé áóõòå íà ãëóáèíå 13 ì. Ïåðâûé ýòàï ýòîé ñåðèè ïðîâîäèëè 29.08—31.10.1985, ñðîê ýêñïîçè- öèè âàíí – 95 äíåé. Âòîðîé ýòàï îïûòîâ ïðîâîäèëè 26.09—27.11.1985 – ñðîê ýêñïîçèöèè âàíí ñî- ñòàâèë 63 äíÿ. Ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñìåíó ðÿäà ñîîáùåñòâ, îòëè÷àþùèõñÿ äðóã îò äðó- ãà â âèäîâîì îòíîøåíèè. Òàê ïðîèñõîäèò ïîêà ñîîáùåñòâî íå äîñòèãíåò óñòîé÷èâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Ïèàíêà, 1981). Âðåìÿ, êîòîðîå íåîáõîäèìî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîìó ñîîáùåñòâó äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ óñ- òîé÷èâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ïîçâîëÿåò ñóäèòü î ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ ñóêöåññèè. Îïðåäåëåííóþ ñëîæíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êîíñòàòàöèÿ ýòîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ â ýêñïåðèìåíòå. Öåëåñîîáðàçíîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëèçàöèÿ ïîñòîÿííî ìåíÿþùåéñÿ âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà è áèî- öåíîçà äíà.  ðàìêàõ ïðèìåíåííîãî ìåòîäà ëîãèò-àíàëèçà ñîñòîÿíèþ îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêî- ãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ëîãíîðìàëüíàÿ ïðÿìàÿ. Íåóñòîé÷èâûå èëè ïåðåõîäíûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ íà ãðàôèêàõ âûãëÿäÿò êàê îòêëîíåíèå îò ëîãíîðìàëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ (Gray, Mirza, 1979). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâà íà ëîãíîðìàëüíûõ ãðàôèêàõ âûãëÿäèò êàê ñìåíà ïåðå- õîäíûõ ñîñòîÿíèé ñîñòîÿíèÿìè ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Îòëè÷èå, ñóùåñòâóþùåå ìåæäó ñîñòîÿíèÿìè ðàâíîâå- ñèÿ, ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî óãîë íàêëîíà ãðàôèêà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ê îñè àáñöèññ áóäåò óâå- ëè÷èâàòüñÿ â êàæäîé ïîñëåäóþùåé ñåðèè äî òîãî ìîìåíòà, ïîêà ôîðìèðóþùååñÿ ñîîáùåñòâî íå äîñòèãíåò îòíîñèòåëüíî óñòîé÷èâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé åìó âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðîé (Ìàçëó- ìÿí, 1989). Î ñòåïåíè óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñòðóêòóðû ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ ñîîáùåñòâà ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî âðå- ìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ ïàðàìåòðû êðèâûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ. Ñðàâíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñî ñòðóêòóðîé áèîöåíîçà äíà áûëî ïðîâåäåíî ñ ïîìîùüþ ëîãèò-àíàëèçà. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ýòèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñ àíàëèçîì âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà äâóõ òèïîâ ñîîáùåñòâ ïîçâîëèëî âûÿâèòü òåíäåíöèè çàñåëåíèÿ áåçæèçíåííûõ ãðóíòîâ. Íàïðàâëåíèå ñóêöåññèè èçó÷åíî ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîêàçàòåëåé ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ (Simpson, 1949; Wilhm, Dorris, 1966; Pielou, 1966). Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ïðîöåññà çàñåëåíèÿ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûìè òâåðäîãî ñóáñòðàòà óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî íà íà÷àëüíûõ è êîíå÷íûõ ñòàäèÿõ ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ, à íà ñðåäíèõ – îñòàþòñÿ íåèçìåííûìè (Dean, Connel, 1987 a, 1987 b). Èíäåêñû ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íå çàâèñÿò îò òèïà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâ â ñîîáùåñòâå, åñëè èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíà ëîãíîðìàëüíî (Giavelli et al., 1986). Îöåíêè ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñîâ ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïîêàçàëè (Cawell, Weinberg, 1986), ÷òî íàèáîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíäåêñ âûðîâíåííîñòè (Pielou, 1966), çàòåì èíäåêñû Øåííîíà (Wilhm, Dorris, 1966) è âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà (Simpson, 1949). Ñìûñë èíäåêñà âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ñîñòîèò â îöåíêå âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû. Ñîñòîÿíèå åãî èçìåíåíèé â ðàçíûå ïåðèîäû íàáëþäåíèÿ ïî- çâîëÿåò îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü äèíàìèêó ñëîæíîñòè â ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè. Èíäåêñ âûðîâíåííîñòè (Pielou, 1966) õàðàêòåðèçóåò ñòåïåíü ðàâíîìåðíîñòè â ñîîòíîøåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ðàçíûõ âèäîâ, îá- ðàçóþùèõ ñîîáùåñòâî (Routholge, 1983). Èíäåêñ âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà (d) ïîêàçûâàåò, êàêîå êîëè÷åñò- âî âèäîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà íàáëþäàåìûé ëîãàðèôì ÷èñëà îñîáåé (Simpson, 1949).  ïðîöåññå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñòàáèëèçèðóþòñÿ òðîôè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè ñîîáùåñòâà, ò. å. âñå 3 èíäåêñà äîëæíû ïðîÿâëÿòü òåíäåíöèþ ê óâåëè÷åíèþ, ÷òî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ïîâûøåíèåì ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èñïîëü- çîâàíèÿ çàñåëÿåìîãî áèîòîïà (Ryszrowski, 1985). Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëó÷àè, êîãäà âíåøíèå ôàêòîðû (øòîðì, òå÷åíèå) íàðóøàþò ñòðóêòóðó ñîîáùåñòâà. Ðåóëüòàòû Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñîîáùåñòâ â ýêñïåðèìåíòå 1982 ã. ïðîèñõîäèëî â ñîîòâåòñò- âèè ñ îïèñàííîé ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè (McCall, 1977; Pearson, Rosenberg, 1978; Reish, 1963) ñõåìîé çàñåëåíèÿ áåçæèçíåííûõ ãðóíòîâ è ñîâïàäàëî ñ ñåçîííîé äèíàìèêîé ìåðîïëàíêòîíà.  ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ â àïðåëå íàñ÷è- òûâàëîñü 3 âèäà, ÷òî ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ ìåòîäîì ëîãèò- àíàëèçà. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âèäîâ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè (ðèñ. 1) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïåðåõîä- íîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñîîáùåñòâî â äàííûé ìîìåíò èìååò íåóñòîé÷è- âóþ ñòðóêòóðó. Ê êîíöó òðåòüåãî ìåñÿöà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïðèðîäíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà äíà äîñòèãàåò ñîñòîÿíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ: ãðàôèê ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâ ïî ÷èñëåííî- ñòè – ïðÿìàÿ (ðèñ. 1). Ñôîðìèðîâàëîñü ñîîáùåñòâî r-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ, ñîñòîÿ- ùåå èç ïîëèõåò ñåì. Syllidae è Polydora ciliata (Johnston, 1838). Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëü- íîå ñîîáùåñòâî íàõîäèòñÿ â ïåðåõîäíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, îáíàðóæèâàÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîå îòêëîíåíèå îò ëîãíîðìàëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è íàñ÷èòûâàåò 11 âèäîâ áåíòîñ- íûõ æèâîòíûõ. Çàòåì (êîíåö ìàÿ – íà÷àëî èþíÿ) íà ìîäåëÿõ îáîèõ ñîîáùåñòâ îòìå÷åíî ñîîòâåòñòâèå ëîãíîðìàëüíîé ìîäåëè. Ïðîèñõîäèò ïåðåõîä îò íåñòà- áèëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà r-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ ê áîëåå ñòàáèëüíîìó ñîîáùåñòâó Ê- êîëîíèçàòîðîâ, êîòîðûé ÷àñòî íàçûâàþò òî÷êîé ýêîòîíà (Pearson, Rosenberg, Òåíäåíöèè èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ äîííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà … 49 Ðèñ. 1. Ëîãíîðìàëüíûå ìîäåëè áèîöåíîçà äíà (1, 3) è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà (2, 4) â ïðîöåñ- ñå ñóêöåññèè (Áóõòà Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, 1982). Fig. 1. Log-normal plots of succession for bottom (1, 3) and experimental communities (2, 4) (Peshanaya Bay, 1982). 1978).  ïëàíêòîíå â ýòî âðåìÿ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â ìàññîâîì êîëè÷åñòâå ëè÷èíêè äîííûõ æèâîòíûõ. Èç ñîîáùåñòâà èñ÷åçàåò P. ciliata è â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå îñåäàåò Spio filicornis (Müller, 1776), êîòîðûé ñòàíîâèòñÿ äîìèíèðóþùèì è ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè, è ïî áèîìàññå. Àíàëèç ïàðàìåòðîâ ëîãíîðìàëüíûõ ìîäåëåé ïðèðîäíûõ è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëü- íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî îíè äîñòèãàþò íàèáîëüøåãî ñõîäñòâà â èþíå (òàáë. 1).  ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ îòìå÷åíî ïðåîáëàäàíèå îáèëüíûõ âèäîâ (ðèñ. 1). Èíäåêñû ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è âûðîâíåííîñòè âûøå äëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñî- îáùåñòâà â ïåðâûå 4 ìåñÿöà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ (äî êîíöà èþëÿ) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðèðîäíûì áèîöåíîçîì äíà, à èíäåêñ âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà âûøå â áèîöåíîçå äíà. Íàáëþäàåìûå ðàçëè÷èÿ çíà÷åíèé èíäåêñà âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà ìîãóò áûòü îáúÿñíåíû òåì, ÷òî â áèîöåíîçå äíà îáèëüíûå âèäû ñîñòàâëÿþò íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé ïðîöåíò ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûì ñîîáùåñòâîì. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êî- ëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ, ïðèõîäÿùååñÿ íà ëîãàðèôì ÷èñëà îñîáåé, âûøå, ÷åì àíàëîãè÷- íûé ïîêàçàòåëü äëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, ãäå çíà÷èòåëåí ïðîöåíò îáèëüíûõ âèäîâ. Ñ êîíöà èþëÿ çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî èíäåêñà ñòàíîâèòñÿ âûøå â ýêñ- ïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ (ðèñ. 2). 50 Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ Ðèñ. 2. Èçìåíåíèå èíäåêñîâ: H – âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Øåííîíà-Âèíåðà; e – âûðîâíåííîñòè Ïèå- ëó; d – âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà Ñèìïñîíà â ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè äëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà (1) è áèîöåíîçà äíà (2) (1982, 1985). Fig. 2. Changes in the H – Shannon-Wiener diversity index; e – evenness by Pielou; d – species richness by Simpson for experimental (1) and bottom (2) communities in the successional process (1982, 1985).  1985 ã. âàííû ïåðâîãî ýòàïà (29.08—31.10) áûëè âûñòàâëåíû â ìîðå â ïå- ðèîä ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà, è ïîýòîìó â îòëè÷èå îò ýêñïåðèìåíòà 1982 ã. ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñîîáùåñòâ ñ ïåðâûõ äíåé øëî çà ñ÷åò îñåäàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê Ê-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âèäîâ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ è ïðèðîäíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ìåñÿöà, ñîîòâåò- ñòâóåò ñîñòîÿíèþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ (ðèñ. 3), ïðè÷åì ïàðàìåòðû ñòðóê- òóðû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà è áèîöåíîçà äíà ñõîäíû (òàáë. 1). Ôàçà ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ r-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ õà- ðàêòåðíîé äëÿ êîëîíèçàöèè ðûõëûõ ãðóíòîâ (McCall, 1977), â äàííîì ñëó÷àå îò- ñóòñòâîâàëà. Äîìèíèðîâàëà îñåâøàÿ ìîëîäü Ê-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ: Pitar rudis (Poli, 1791), Prionosspio cirrifera (Wiren, 1883), Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1790).  1985 ã. àáñîëþòíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü r-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñò- âàõ áûëà ðàâíà èëè äàæå ïðåâîñõîäèëà àáñîëþòíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü r-êîëîíèçàòîðîâ â òàêîâûõ â 1982 ã.  ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè â äàííîì ýêñïåðèìåíòå ñîîáùåñòâà ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê ïðèðîäíûì. Ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà îá- íàðóæèâàþò áëèçêèå çíà÷åíèÿ (ðèñ. 2). Òåíäåíöèè, ïðîÿâëÿåìûå ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, â ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ 1982, 1985 ãã. àíàëîãè÷íû: ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà âûøå íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòàäèÿõ ñóêöåññèè. Áîëåå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ïîêàçàòåëåé âèäîâîãî Òåíäåíöèè èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ äîííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà … 51 ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íà÷àëüíûìè óñëî- âèÿìè îïûòà, ò. å. íàëè÷èåì íåçàñåëåííîãî ñóáñòðàòà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñóêöåññèÿ, íàáëþäàåìàÿ íà ðûõëûõ ãðóíòàõ, íàïðàâëåíà àíàëîãè÷íî ñóêöåññèè íà òâåðäîì ñóáñòðàòå: íà ïåðâûõ ýòàïàõ ïîêàçàòåëè ðàç- íîîáðàçèÿ âîçðàñòàþò (Dean, Connel, 1987 a, 1987 b). Îäíà èç ñóùåñòâåííûõ çàäà÷ èçó÷åíèÿ ïðîöåññà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâà ñâÿçàíà ñ àíàëèçîì óñòîé÷èâîñòè åãî ñòðóêòóðû ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè. Ïîä óñòîé- ÷èâîñòüþ áóäåì ïîíèìàòü ïîñòîÿíñòâî çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ ëîãíîðìàëüíûõ ìîäåëåé ñîîáùåñòâà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ èçìåíåíèå åãî ñòðóêòóðû â ïðîöåññå ñóê- öåññèè (Gluch, 1981).  ñîîáùåñòâàõ, ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ â âàííàõ, âûñòàâëåííûõ â áóõòå Ïåñ÷àíàÿ (1982), ê êîíöó òðåòüåãî ìåñÿöà ýêñïîçèöèè (â ìàå) îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ îòêëîíåíèå îò ëîãíîðìàëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè (ðèñ. 1). Äëÿ ñîîáùåñòâà â ïåðå- õîäíîì ñîñòîÿíèè õàðàêòåðíà íåóñòîé÷èâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ñ äàëüíåéøèì èçìåíåíèåì âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà. Òîëüêî ñ èþíÿ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ ïåðåõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñìåíÿåòñÿ ñîñòîÿíèåì ðàâíîâåñèÿ, êîòîðîå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ äî êîíöà ýêñ- ïåðèìåíòà (ðèñ. 1). Óãîë íàêëîíà ãðàôèêîâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ îñòàåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîñòîÿííûì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñòðóêòóðà ñîîáùåñòâ â âàííàõ â ýêñïåðèìåíòå 1982 ã. ñòàíîâèòñÿ óñòîé÷èâîé íà ÷åòâåðòûé ìåñÿö ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, ÷òî ñîâïàäàåò ñ ìàññîâûì ðàçâèòèåì ìåðîïëàíêòîíà è îñåäàíèåì ëè÷èíîê íà ñóáñòðàò. Ñòðóêòóðà ñîîáùåñòâ, ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ â âàííàõ, âûñòàâëåííûõ â áóõòå Êà- çà÷üÿ â 1985 ã., àïïðîêñèìèðóåòñÿ ëîãíîðìàëüíûìè ãðàôèêàìè, õàðàêòåðíûìè äëÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ (ðèñ. 3). Ëèøü â íîÿáðå îòìå÷åíî ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âèäîâ. Ðèñ. 3. Ëîãíîðìàëüíûå ìîäåëè áèîöåíîçà äíà (1) è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà (2) â ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè (Áóõòà Êàçà÷üÿ, 1985). Fig. 3. Log-normal plots of succession for bottom (1) and experimental communities (2) (Kazachaya Bay, 1985). 52 Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ Òàáëèöà 1. Èçìåíåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ëîãíîðìàëüíûõ ìîäåëåé ïðèðîäíîãî áèîöåíîçà äíà è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà â ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè Table 1. Parameters of long-normal distribution in the natural and experimental communities in the pocess of succession Äîííûé áèîöåíîç Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî Ìåñÿö óãîë íàêëîíà ãåîì. êëàññû óãîë íàêëîíà ãåîì. êëàññû Áóõòà Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, 1982 ã. Àïðåëü ïåðåõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå ÷èñëî âèäîâ Ìàé 50° 10 ïåðåõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå Èþíü 55° 6 45° 9 Èþëü 50° 6 50° 7 Àâãóñò 60° 7 55° 11 Áóõòà Êàçà÷üÿ, 1985 ã. Àâãóñò 53° 7 50° 9 Ñåíòÿáðü 45° 9 50° 11 Îêòÿáðü ïåðåõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå 52° 8 Íîÿáðü ïåðåõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñòðóêòóðà ñîîáùåñòâ, ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ìåñÿöà ýêñïîçèöèè, â ñåçîí ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà (èþëü, ñåí- òÿáðü) è îñåäàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê, ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâîé è îñòàåòñÿ òàêîâîé íà ïðîòÿ- æåíèè âñåãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà.  ýêñïåðèìåíòå 1985 ã. ñòðóêòóðà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëü- íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ îêàçàëàñü áîëåå óñòîé÷èâîé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñî ñòðóêòóðîé àíàëîãè÷íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ â 1982 ã. Ó ìîäåëåé ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ â 1985 ã. íåò ïåðåõîäíûõ ñîñòîÿíèé, óãîë íàêëîíà ãðàôèêîâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷èñ- ëåííîñòåé – ïîñòîÿííûé. Èíäåêñ âûðîâíåííîñòè â 1985 ã. óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ðîñòå óñòîé÷èâîñòè (Pielou, 1966). Ñîïîñòàâèâ ðåçóëüòàòû ëî- ãèò-àíàëèçà ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ 1982, 1985 ãã. ñ ñåçîííûì öèêëîì ìåðîïëàíêòîíà, ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî óñòîé÷èâîñòü ïåðâîíà- ÷àëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñåçîíîì íà÷àëà êîëîíèçàöèè, êîòîðûé îáó- ñëàâëèâàåò ïóòè çàñåëåíèÿ ñóáñòðàòà (çà ñ÷åò îñåäàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê èëè ìèãðàöèè âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé). Îáñóæäåíèå Àáèîòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ïðîâåäåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ çà íåêîòîðûì èñêëþ÷å- íèåì ñõîäíû ñ òåìè, êîòîðûå ñóùåñòâóþò â ïðèðîäå, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ñóäèòü ïî ïîëó÷åííûì ðåçóëüòàòàì î ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè íà áåçæèçíåííûõ àêâàòîðèÿõ. Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ïðîöåññîâ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ óñëî- âèÿõ áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ñêîðîñòü ïðîöåññà âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ áèîòû íà áåç- æèçíåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äíà îõâàòûâàåò 4—5 ìåñ ïåðèîäà ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðî- ïëàíêòîíà. Ê êîíöó ýòîãî ïåðèîäà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ñîîáùåñòâà ñ óñòîé÷èâîé ñòðóêòóðîé è äîñòèãàåòñÿ ñõîäñòâî ñ áèîöåíîçàìè, íåçàòðîíóòûìè àíòðîïîãåí- íûì âîçäåéñòâèåì. Íàëè÷èå îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ñòðóêòóðíîãî ñõîäñòâà ìåæäó ýêñ- ïåðèìåíòàëüíûì è ïðèðîäíûì ñîîáùåñòâîì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ðÿäîì ïðè÷èí. Îáà ñîîáùåñòâà íàõîäèëèñü â ïåðèîä èçó÷åíèÿ â ïðîöåññå ñóêöåññèè, ïðè÷åì èõ ñî- ñòàâ ôîðìèðîâàëñÿ, â îñíîâíîì, çà ñ÷åò âèäîâ, èìåþùèõ ïëàíêòîííóþ ëè÷èíêó. Ñòðóêòóðà áèîöåíîçà äíà ôîðìèðîâàëàñü â òå÷åíèå áîëåå äëèòåëüíîãî ïåðèîäà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè ñîîáùåñòâàìè. Åìó ïðèñóùà áîëüøàÿ ñòðóêòóðíî-âèäîâàÿ ñëîæíîñòü è áîëåå íèçêèå ïîðÿäêè ÷èñëåííîñòè. Î íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðîöåññà ñóêöåññèè â ñòîðîíó ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâî- ãî ñîîáùåñòâà ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò ðîñò ïîêàçàòåëåé âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ (Êîáàÿ- ñè, 1986). Íà íà÷àëüíûõ è ñðåäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ ïðîöåññà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ â ýêñïåðè- ìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ, áëàãîäàðÿ ìèêðîóñëîâèÿì îïûòà, ñíèæåí ôèçè÷åñêèé Òåíäåíöèè èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ äîííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà … 53 ñòðåññ. Áîëåå ñëàáûé óðîâåíü ìåæâèäîâîé êîíêóðåíöèè, ïðèñóùèé è ïðèðîä- íûì áåçæèçíåííûì àêâàòîðèÿì, ñðàâíèì ñ ïðîöåññàìè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèìè ïðè çàñåëåíèè íàðóøåííûõ àíòðîïîãåííûì âîçäåéñòâèåì äîííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïî ìåðå âîçðàñòàíèÿ ÷èñëà ðåàëèçóåìûõ áèîòè÷åñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé (ñâÿçíîñòè) ðàçíîîáðàçèå â ñîîáùåñòâàõ ïðîÿâëÿåò òåíäåíöèþ ê ñíèæåíèþ (Êèñåëåâà, 1976; Êîáàÿñè, 1986), ÷òî è ïðîèñõîäèò â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîá- ùåñòâàõ â 1982 ã. (ðèñ. 2).  áèîöåíîçå äíà, ãäå ñáàëàíñèðîâàííîñòü áèîòè÷å- ñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé âûøå, ÷åì â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ñîîáùåñòâå, äëÿ ïîêàçà- òåëåé ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ õàðàêòåðíû ìåíåå èçìåí÷èâûå çíà÷åíèÿ, ÷åì â ýêñïå- ðèìåíòàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ. Äèíàìèêó ðàçâèòèÿ ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ ñîîáùåñòâà ìîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü, ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì çà èçìåíåíèåì åãî ñòðóêòóðû â 1985 ã., êîãäà ïåðèîä ôîðìèðî- âàíèÿ ñîâïàë ñ ïåðèîäîì ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà. Ñìåíà ñîñòîÿíèé ðàâíîâåñèÿ â òå÷åíèå ýòîãî ïåðèîäà ïðèâîäèò ñîîáùåñòâî ê íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ñî- ñòîÿíèþ. Ýòî ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü òåì ôàêòîì, ÷òî ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ñëîæíîñòè ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâà îñëàáåâàåò åãî óñòîé÷èâîñòü (Leps et al., 1982), óñèëèâàåò- ñÿ ìåæâèäîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ, ñîêðàùàåòñÿ ïëîùàäü ñâîáîäíîãî ñóáñòðàòà. Âûâîäû Íà îñíîâàíèè ïðîâåäåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïðîöåññà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâà â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ è ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âûâîäû: 1. Ê êîíöó ïåðâîãî ìåñÿöà ýêñïîçèöèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî èìååò ñõîäíóþ ñòðóêòóðó ñ áèîöåíîçîì äíà: â ïåðèîä ñ ìàÿ ïî ñåíòÿáðü, ò. å. â ñåçîí ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà. 2. Ñòðóêòóðà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ñòðóêòóðû áèî- öåíîçà äíà â ñåçîí íåâûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåðîïëàíêòîíà, ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ôîðìèðîâàíèå íà÷àëîñü â ïåðèîä, êîãäà ÷èñëåííîñòü ìåðîïëàíêòîíà ìàêñè- ìàëüíà. 3. Ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî îñåäàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê âûøå â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ñîîáùåñòâå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ áèîöåíîçîì äíà. 4. Ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ 2 òèïîâ ñîîáùåñòâà áëèçêè ïî çíà÷åíèþ â ïå- ðèîä íåâûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåðîïëàíêòîíà – ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ïðåèìóùåñò- âåííûì ñïîñîáîì çàñåëåíèÿ ñóáñòðàòà çà ñ÷åò îñåäàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê. 5. Óñòîé÷èâîñòü ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñåçîíîì íà- ÷àëà êîëîíèçàöèè. Áîëåå óñòîé÷èâûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîîáùåñòâî, ôîðìèðóþùååñÿ â ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ìåðîïëàíêòîíà. . Êèñåëåâà Ì. È Ñòðóêòóðà áèîöåíîçîâ ðûõëûõ ãðóíòîâ ×åðíîãî ìîðÿ : Àâòîðåô. äèñ. … ä-ðà áèîë. íàóê. – Ñåâàñòîïîëü, 1976. – 41 ñ. Êîáàÿñè Ñ. Ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà óñòîé÷èâîñòü áèîöåíîçà // Êàãóí òàéãóí ñýòàé êàéõî. – 1986. – ¹ 42. – Ñ. 35—47. Ìàçëóìÿí Ñ. À. Àíàëèç èçìåíåíèé ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâ áåíòîñà : Àâòîðåô. äèñ. … êàíä. áèîë. íà- óê. – Ñåâàñòîïîëü, 1989. – 24 ñ. Ïèàíêà Ý. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ. – Ì. : Ìèð, 1981. – 399 ñ. Caswell H., Weinberg J. R. Sample size and sensitivity in defection of community impact // OCEANS 86 Conf. Rec. Wachington, D. C. , Sept 23—25. – New York, 1986. – 3. – P. 1040—1045. Dean R. L., Connel J. H. Maine invertebrates in an algal succession. Tests of hypotheses to explain changes in diversity with succession // J. Exp. Mar. Biol. and Ecol. – 1987 à. – 109, N 3. – P. 217—247. Dean R. L., Connel J. H. Maine invertebrates in an algal succession. Mechanisms linking habitat complexity with diversity // J. Exp. Mar. Biol. and Ecol. – 1987 b. – 109, N 3. – P. 249—273. Giavelli G., Rossi O., Sartore F. Comparative evaluation of four species diversity indices related to specific ecological situations // Field Stud. – 1986. – 6, N 3. – P429—438. Gluch W. Die Zuverlassigkeit von Ökosystemen // Biophys. Ökologie und Ökosystmforsch. – 1981. – P. 239—248. Gray J. S., Mirza F. B. A possible method for detection of pollution induced disturbance on marine benthic communies // Mar. Pollut. Bull. – 1979. – 10, N 1. – P. 142—146. 54 Ñ. À. Ìàçëóìÿí, Þ. Â. Ïðîñâèðîâ Leps J., Osbornova-Kosinova J., Rejmanek M. Community stability, complexity and species life history strate- gies // Vegetation. – 1982. – 50, ¹ 1. – P. 53—63. Margalef R., Gutierrez E. How to introduce connectance in frame of expression for diversity // Amer. Natur. – 1982. – 121, N 5. – P. 601—607. McCall P. L. Community patterns and adaptive strategies of the infaunal benthos of Long Island Sound // J. Mar. Res. – 1977. – 35, N 2. – P. 221—266. Pearson T. N., Rosenberg R. R. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment // Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. – 1978. – 16. – P. 229—311. Pielou E. C. The measurment of diversity in different types of biological collectiones // J. Theoret. Biol. – 1966. – 13. – P. 131—144. Reish D S. Further study the benthic fauna in a recently constructe at bot harbor in Southern California // Bull. Sth. Acad. Sci. – 1963. – N 62. – P. 23—32. Routholge R. Evenness indices: are any admissible // Oikos. – 1983. – N 1. – P. 149—151. 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