The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea PDF
Preview The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea
The Park Chung Hee Era THE PARK CHUNG HEE ERA The Transformation of South Korea Edited by BYUNG-KOOK KIM EZRA F. VOGEL HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2011 Copyright © 2011 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Park Chung Hee era : the transformation of South Korea / edited by Byung-Kook Kim and Ezra F. Vogel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-05820-0 (alk. paper) 1. Korea (South)—Politics and government—1960–1988. 2. Park, Chung Hee, 1917–1979. 3. Comparative government—Case studies. I. Kim, Pyong-guk, 1959 Mar. 18– II. Vogel, Ezra F. DS922.35.P336 2011 951.9504′3092—dc22 2010038046 Contents Introduction: The Case for Political History 1 Byung-Kook Kim part one Born in a Crisis 1 The May Sixteenth Military Coup 35 Yong-Sup Han 2 Taming and Tamed by the United States 58 Taehyun Kim and Chang Jae Baik 3 State Building: The Military Junta’s Path to Modernity through Administrative Reforms 85 Hyung-A Kim part two Politics 4 Modernization Strategy: Ideas and Influences 115 Chung-in Moon and Byung-joon Jun 5 The Labyrinth of Solitude: Park and the Exercise of Presidential Power 140 Byung-Kook Kim 6 The Armed Forces 168 Joo-Hong Kim 7 The Leviathan: Economic Bureaucracy under Park 200 Byung-Kook Kim 8 The Origins of the Yushin Regime: Machiavelli Unveiled 233 Hyug Baeg Im Contents vi part three Economy and Society 9 The Chaebol 265 Eun Mee Kim and Gil-Sung Park 10 The Automobile Industry 295 Nae-Young Lee 11 Pohang Iron & Steel Company 322 Sang-young Rhyu and Seok-jin Lew 12 The Countryside 345 Young Jo Lee 13 The Chaeya 373 Myung-Lim Park part four International Relations 14 The Vietnam War: South Korea’s Search for National Security 403 Min Yong Lee 15 Normalization of Relations with Japan: Toward a New Partnership 430 Jung-Hoon Lee 16 The Security, Political, and Human Rights Conundrum, 1974–1979 457 Yong-Jick Kim 17 The Search for Deterrence: Park’s Nuclear Option 483 Sung Gul Hong part five Comparative Perspective 18 Nation Rebuilders: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Lee Kuan Yew, Deng Xiaoping, and Park Chung Hee 513 Ezra F. Vogel 19 Reflections on a Reverse Image: South Korea under Park Chung Hee and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos 542 Paul D. Hutchcroft Contents vii 20 The Perfect Dictatorship? South Korea versus Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico 573 Jorge I. Domínguez 21 Industrial Policy in Key Developmental Sectors: South Korea versus Japan and Taiwan 603 Gregory W. Noble Conclusion: The Post-Park Era 629 Byung-Kook Kim Notes 651 Acknowledgments 737 List of Contributors 739 Index of Persons 741 Introduction: The Case for Political History Byung-Kook Kim ew periods have changed South Korean history more than the FPark era that began in May 1961 with a military coup d’état. The na- ture of leadership, the political parties and political opposition, the bu- reaucracy, the armed forces, relations between workers and farmers and their government, the chaebol industrial conglomerates, foreign policy— all were transformed. Meanwhile, economically South Korea grew out of poverty into an industrial powerhouse in one generation, albeit with mas- sive political, social, and economic costs. And after the Park era suddenly ended in 1979, the reactions to what had taken place transformed the country once more. The eighteen-year Park era has proved to be one of the most, if not the most, controversial topics for the Korean public, politicians, and scholars both at home and abroad. How much was the economic takeoff fueled by changes in the political and social fabric? To what degree was Park Chung Hee personally responsible for the transformation—both political and economic—across multiple sectors? Why did South Korea’s political regime drift toward “hard” authoritarianism while its economy modern- ized at a hyper pace? Were these changes causally related? Why was his era marked by both dazzling policy successes and spectacular failures? How much were South Korea’s successes and failures explained by its histori- cally antecedent conditions? As one of a handful of newly industrializing countries (NICs) that succeeded in economically catching up with early de
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