The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology: Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes

107 Pages·2015·5.354 MB·English

by  Martha Bishop Pitman, Lester James Layfield (auth.)

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology
System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology
Martha Bishop Pitman • Lester James Layfield
The Papanicolaou Society of
Cytopathology System for
Reporting Pancreaticobiliary
Cytology
Definitions, Criteria, and Explanatory Notes
1 3
Martha Bishop Pitman Lester James Layfield
Department of Pathology Department of Pathology and Anatomical
Massachusetts General Hospital Sciences
Harvard Medical School University of Missouri Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts Columbia
USA Missouri
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-16588-2 ISBN 978-3-319-16589-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16589-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937899
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Foreword
“Atypical,” “atypical epithelial cells,” “mucinous epithelial cells,” and “findings
consistent with cyst” are a few random examples of interpretations provided in
cytopathology reports of fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) of the pancreas. The clini-
cian who seeks guidance for patient management finds herself or himself at a loss to
interpret this language, and frequently will call the cytopathologist to obtain clarifi-
cation. This may or may not be forthcoming, but regardless the report remains, and
is not a very effective way to document cytological findings or clearly communicate
information to guide patient management.
The recently recommended standardized terminology and nomenclature guide-
lines from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology [1] are long overdue. Over
the last 20 years, there has been a steep increase in the use of cross-linear imaging.
This, coupled with improvements in the resolution of both computed tomography
and magnetic resonance imaging, has resulted in an explosion in the incidental dis-
covery of lesions throughout the body. The pancreas has not been exempt, and large
numbers of solid and cystic lesions are being identified in patients who otherwise
have no symptoms related to the pancreas. Because pancreatic malignancies, and
in particular ductal adenocarcinoma, are among the deadliest cancers, such a dis-
covery may be perceived as a welcome finding. After all, identifying these tumors
at an earlier phase should lead to earlier treatment and a better chance of a cure.
The problem is that the overall prevalence of these pancreatic “incidentalomas” is
approximately 2 % and increases with age to the point that 10 % of the individuals
aged > 70 years will have such findings. This prevalence is at least 100 times greater
than that of all pancreatic malignancies combined, and therefore the vast majority
of these incidental lesions are innocuous. Furthermore, the preemptive removal of
these lesions is accomplished with pancreatic resection, which even in expert cen-
ters has a mortality rate of 2–5 % and a morbidity rate of 40 % and higher.
Clinical guidelines and algorithms for the management of cystic lesions of the
pancreas have helped physicians in the care of these patients (incidentally discov-
ered solid lesions are far less common). Initially, these guidelines relied heavily
on clinical data and information from imaging studies. After excluding inflamma-
tory cysts and some cystic neoplasms with very characteristic epidemiology and/
v
vi Foreword
or imaging features, the bulk of the remaining cystic lesions of the pancreas are
thought to be branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMNs).
The management of BD-IPMNs continues to be in a state of flux, but the most re-
cent guidelines now recommend the use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and FNA
to characterize those lesions measuring > 2 cm in diameter [2]. We and others have
for many years used pancreatic cyst cytology coupled with cyst fluid measurements
of carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase, and more recently molecular testing for
mutations in KRAS and GNAS genes, to refine the differential diagnosis among the
different cystic neoplasms and to determine the degree of dysplasia of BD-IPMNs
[3]. This is still an imperfect science, but the hope is that this, one day, will lead
to more accurate preoperative diagnosis and less overtreatment of these lesions.
However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no universal agreement that EUS
with cytology and fluid analysis is useful (in Japan and Korea, for example, cyst
fluid aspiration is very rarely used), and many centers have used FNA of pancreatic
cysts routinely but have found the interpretation of cytology to be inconsistent or
unreliable. Because EUS is proliferating, and new guidelines are recommending its
use, it is quite likely that it will be used in an increasing number of patients with
pancreatic cysts. Having standardized nomenclature will provide a framework for
pathologists to follow for the uniform interpretation of cyst fluids that will be more
clearly understood by the clinician treating the patient.
Although less of a problem than pancreatic cysts, the incidental detection of
small solid lesions in the pancreas has also created a challenge. Even though a small
minority are indeed early ductal adenocarcinomas, the vast majority are small, non-
functioning neuroendocrine tumors, many of which measure < 1 cm in size. The
potential for growth and malignant spread among these lesions is uncertain and,
accordingly, their management is also in a state of flux, with some clinicians advo-
cating resection and others making a case for observation alone based on the finding
that these lesions are observed in 1 % of autopsy studies. EUS-guided FNA is very
effective in establishing the diagnosis of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. From
a clinician’s standpoint, I am relieved to see that this diagnosis does not by default
go into a “malignant” category, but rather into a “neoplastic, other” grouping. Con-
vincing a patient that doing nothing is appropriate when a report states a malignant
tumor is present is virtually impossible.
Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, MD
Professor, Harvard Medical School
Director of the Pancreas and Biliary Surgery Program and Codirector of the Tucker
Gosnell Center for Gastrointestinal Cancers at the Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, MA
Reproduced with permission from Fernández-del Castillo C. Standardized cytopathology report-
ing for the pancreas: the time is right. Cancer Cytopathol. 2014;122:397–98.
Foreword vii
References
1. Pitman MB, Layfield LJ. Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the papanicolaou
society of cytopathology: a review. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol). 2014;122:399–411.
2. Tanaka M, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Adsay V, et al. International Association of Pancreatology.
International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pan-
creas. Pancreatology. 2012;12:183–97.
3. Pitman MB, Lewandrowski K, Shen J, Sahani D, Brugge W, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Pan-
creatic cysts: preoperative diagnosis and clinical management. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol).
2010;118:1–13.
Preface
This atlas is a product of the Pancreaticobiliary Guidelines sponsored by the Pa-
panicolaou Society of Cytopathology [1–5]. The guidelines are composed of five
documents covering indications for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-nee-
dle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, techniques of EUS-FNA, terminology and nomencla-
ture of pancreaticobiliary disease, ancillary testing, and post-biopsy treatment and
management. The final guidelines resulted from an initial draft document prepared
by multidisciplinary committees of physicians with expertise on diagnosis and man-
agement of patients with pancreaticobiliary disease (listed below). The documents
are published in Diagnostic Cytopathology [1–5] and in the open access journal,
Cytojournal [6–10]. A comprehensive review of all the five documents is published
in Cancer Cytopathology [11]. All documents are based on the expertise of the au-
thors, a review of the literature, discussion of the draft documents at several national
and international meetings over an 18-month period, and synthesis of online com-
ments of the draft document, which was posted in an online interactive forum on the
Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Web site [www.papsociety.org].
This atlas focuses on the proposed standardized terminology scheme for pancre-
aticobiliary specimens [5] supplemented with cytological criteria, sample interpre-
tive reports, succinct ancillary testing recommendations, and management options.
The proposed terminology scheme recommends a six-tiered system: nondiag-
nostic, negative, atypical, neoplastic [benign or other], suspicious, and positive.
Unique to this scheme is the “neoplastic” category separated into “benign” (primar-
ily serous cystadenoma) or “other” (premalignant mucinous cysts, neuroendocrine
tumors, and solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms). The positive or malignant category
is reserved for high-grade and/or aggressive malignancies including ductal adeno-
carcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas,
pancreatoblastoma, lymphoma, and metastases.
This proposed scheme provides terminology that correlates the diagnostic no-
menclature with the 2010 WHO classification of pancreatic tumors [12] and stan-
dardizes the categorization of the various diseases of the pancreas, some of which
are difficult to diagnose specifically by cytology. In addition, this terminology
scheme attempts to provide maximum flexibility for patient management, which
has become increasingly conservative for some neoplasms.
ix
x Preface
References
1. Adler D, Max Schmidt C, Al-Haddad M, et al. Clinical evaluation, imaging studies, indications
for cytologic study, and preprocedural requirements for duct brushing studies and pancreatic
FNA: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology recommendations for pancreatic and biliary
cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2014;42(4):325–32.
2. Brugge W, Dewitt J, Klapman JB, et al. Techniques for cytologic sampling of pancreatic and
bile duct lesions. Diagn Cytopathol. 2014;42(4):333–7.
3. Kurtycz D, Tabatabai L, Michaels C, et al. Postbrushing and fine-needle aspiration biopsy fol-
low-up and treatent options for patients with pancreatobiliary lesions: the papanicolaou society
of cytopathology guidelines. Diagn Cytopath. 2014;42(4):363–71.
4. Layfield L, Ehya H, Filler AC, et al. Utilization of Ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis
of biliary and pancreatic lesions: the papanicolaou society of cytology guidlines of pancreato-
biliary cytology. Diagn Cytopath. 2014;42(4):351–62.
5. Pitman MB, Centeno BA, Ali SZ, et al. Standardized terminology and nomenclature for
pancreatobiliary cytology: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines. Diagn
Cytopathol. 2014;42(4):338–50.
6. Adler D, Schmidt CM, Al-Haddad M, et al. Clinical evaluation, imaging studies, indications
for cytologic study and preprocedural requirements for duct brushing studies and pancreatic
fine-needle aspiration: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines. Cytojournal.
2014;11(Suppl 1):1.
7. Brugge WR, De Witt J, Klapman JB, et al. Techniques for cytologic sampling of pancre-
atic and bile duct lesions: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines. Cytojournal.
2014;11(Suppl 1):2.
8. Kurtycz DF, Field A, Tabatabai L, et al. Post-brushing and fine-needle aspiration biopsy
follow-up and treatment options for patients with pancreatobiliary lesions: the papanicolaou
society of cytopathology guidelines. Cytojournal. 2014;11(Suppl 1):5.
9. Layfield LJ, Ehya H, Filie AC, et al. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis
of biliary and pancreatic lesions: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines. Cyto-
journal. 2014;11(Suppl 1):4.
10. Pitman MB, Centeno BA, Ali SZ, et al. Standardized terminology and nomenclature for
pancreatobiliary cytology: the papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines. Cytojournal.
2014;11(Suppl 1):3.
11. Pitman MB, Layfield LJ. Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the papanicolaou
society of cytopathology: a review. Cancer Cytopathol. Jun 2014;122(6):399–411.
12. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, editors. WHO classification of tumours of
the digestive system. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. Bosman FT,
Jaffe ES, Lakhani SR, Ohgaki H, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours.
Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology
Committee Members
Committee 1: Clinical Evaluation, Imaging, Studies, Indications for Cytologic
Study, and Preprocedural Requirements for Duct Brushing Studies and Pan-
creatic FNA
Douglas Adler, MD, Committee Chair, Department of Medicine, Division of
Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine
C. Max Schmidt, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Indiana University
Mohammad Al-Haddad, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,
Indiana University
James S. Barthel, Florida Digestive Health Specialists, Bradenton, FL
Britt Marie Ljung, MD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCSF
Nipun B. Merchant, MD, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine
Joseph Romagnuolo, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,
Medical University of South Carolina
Akram Shaaban, M.B.B.Ch., Department of Radiology, University of Utah Medical
Center
Diane Simeone, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical
Center
Martha B. Pitman, MD, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Andrew Field, MBBS, Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent’s Hospital,
Sydney
Lester J. Layfield, MD, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences,
University of Missouri Medical Center
xi