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The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender This page intentionally left blank The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender Editedby Christina Richards SeniorSpecialistPsychologyAssociateandClinicalResearchFellow,Nottinghamshire HealthcareNHSTrustandWestLondonMentalHealthNHSTrust,UK Meg John Barker SeniorLecturerinPsychology,TheOpenUniversity,UK Editorialmatter,introductionandselection©ChristinaRichardsand MegJohnBarker2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–1–137–34588–2 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Richards,Christina. ThePalgravehandbookofthepsychologyofsexualityandgender/edited byChristinaRichards,SeniorSpecialistPsychologyAssociateandClinical ResearchFellow,NottinghamshireHealthcareNHSTrust,MegJohn Barker,SeniorLecturerinPsychology,TheOpenUniversity. pages cm Summary:“ThePalgraveHandbookofthePsychologyofSexualityand Gendergivesathoroughoverviewofallofthenormative–andmany ofthelesscommon–sexualities,gendersandrelationshipforms including:Asexuality;Bisexuality;BDSM;Gay;Heterosexuality;Kink; Lesbian;Furthersexualities;Transsexualities;Cisgender;Intersex;Further genders;Non-binarygender;Monogamies;andOpenNon-Monogamies. TheHandbookalsoconsiderspsychologicalareassuchasClinical psychology;Counsellingpsychology;Qualitativeresearch;Quantitative research;andSextherapyastheyrelatetosexualityandgenderaswell asintersectionalareassuchas:Ageing;Ethnicity;Class;Disability; HealthPsychology;andReligion.Contributionsfromleadingscholarsand practitionersinthisareacombinecuttingedgeresearchwith considerationsonbothclinicalpracticeandacademicstudyofsexuality andgenderforpsychologistsfromstudenttoprofessor;andfromany disciplineinterestedintheseubiquitousaspectsofhumanity.”— Providedbypublisher. ISBN978–1–137–34588–2(hardback) 1. Sex. 2. Sex(Psychology) 3. Socialpsychology. I. Barker,Meg John,1974– II. Title. HQ21.R4572015 155.3—dc23 2015002158 Contents ListofTablesandFigures xv Acknowledgements xvi NotesonContributors xvii Introduction 1 ChristinaRichardsandMegJohnBarker Part I Sexuality 1 Asexuality 7 MarkCarrigan Thehistoryofasexuality 7 Keytheoryandresearch 8 Theasexualcommunity 8 Confusionssurroundingasexuality 10 Thepsychologyofasexuality 11 Currentdebates 12 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 15 Futuredirections 17 Longitudinalstudies 17 Asexualrelationships 18 Gender,intersectionality,anddiversity 19 Summary 20 2 BDSM–BondageandDiscipline;DominanceandSubmission; SadismandMasochism 24 EmmaL.TurleyandTrevorButt Introduction 24 History 26 PsychoanalysisandFreud 27 Stollerandtheubiquityofperversion 27 Keytheoryandresearch 28 Psycho-medicalperspective 28 Non-pathologisingperspectives 29 Currentdebates 31 v vi Contents BDSMandfeminism 33 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 34 BDSMasadultrecreation 34 Implicationsforcounsellingandtherapy 35 Implicationsfordiscrimination 35 Futuredirections 37 3 Bisexuality 42 HelenBowes-CattonandNikkiHayfield Introduction 42 History 43 First-wavesexology 43 Second-wavesexology 46 Early‘gay-affirmative’psychologicalresearch 47 Overlookingbisexuality:Sexresearchandsexsurveysof the1970sand1980s 47 Keytheoryandresearch 48 Early‘bisexual-affirmative’research:Acknowledging,defining, and‘measuring’bisexualityasadistinctidentity 48 Becomingvisible:1990sresearchonbisexuality 49 Bi-affirmativeresearchinpsychologysincethe year2000 50 Currentdebates,implications,andfuturedirections 53 Activist–academiccollaborations 53 Intersectionality 53 Researchingbeyondtheorganisedbicommunity 54 Summary 54 4 FurtherSexualities 60 ChristinaRichards Introduction 60 Ageplay 61 Furry 61 Fetish 62 History 64 Keytheoryandresearch 65 Currentdebates 68 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 69 Futuredirections 71 Summary 72 Contents vii 5 GayMen 77 DamienW.Riggs Introduction 77 History 78 Keytheoryandresearch 81 Currentdebates 82 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthe widerworld 84 Futuredirections 86 Summary 89 6 Heterosexuality 92 PanteáFarvid Introduction 92 History 93 Historyoftheterm‘heterosexuality’ 93 Creatingtheheterosexual 94 Earlytheorisingof(hetero)sexuality 94 Second-wavefeministcritiquesofheterosexuality 95 Keytheoryandresearch 96 Theorisingheterosexuality 97 Heteronormativity 98 Researchingheteronormativity 98 Biologicalexplanations 100 Mainstreampsychology 101 Currentdebatesandimplicationsforappliedpsychology andthewiderworld 102 Futuredirections 103 Summary 103 7 LesbianPsychology 109 SonjaJ.Ellis Introduction 109 History 110 Keytheoryandresearch 112 Lesbianidentity 112 Lesbianrelationships 114 Lesbianparenting 115 Lesbianhealth 117 Currentdebates 119 viii Contents Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 120 Futuredirections 121 Summary 122 8 TransSexualities 129 PennyLenihan,TonyKainth,andRobinDundas Introduction 129 Transsexualities 131 History 134 Keytheory,research,andcurrentdebates 135 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 140 Futuredirections 141 Summary 143 Part II Gender 9 Cisgender–LivingintheGenderAssignedatBirth 149 EsterMcGeeneyandLauraHarvey Introduction 149 Keydefinitions 150 History 150 Keytheoryandresearch 153 Currentdebatesandfuturedirections 156 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 159 Conclusions 161 Summary 161 10 FurtherGenders 166 MegJohnBarkerandChristinaRichards Introduction 166 History 167 Keytheoryandresearch 171 Currentdebates 173 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 176 Futuredirections 178 Summary 179 11 Intersex/DSD 183 KatrinaRoen Introduction 183 History 185 Contents ix Keytheoryandresearch 186 Reviewsandempiricalstudies 186 Updatesandconceptualcontributions 187 Currentdebates 188 Disclosure 188 Non-essentialgenitalsurgeryoninfants 189 Prenataltreatmentandpsychologicaloutcomes 190 Genderidentityandtransition 190 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 191 Futuredirections 192 Summary 192 12 Transgender–LivinginaGenderDifferentfromThat AssignedatBirth 198 SarahMurjanandWalterPierreBouman Introduction 198 History 199 Keytheoryandresearch 201 Currentapproachestoassistingpeoplewithgenderdysphoria 204 Currentdebates 206 Classificationofgenderdysphoria 207 Accesstotreatment 208 Implicationsforappliedpsychologyandthewiderworld 209 Futuredirections 210 Summary 211 Part III Relationships 13 Monogamy 219 AliZiegler,TerriD.Conley,AmyC.Moors,JesL.Matsick, andJenniferD.Rubin Introduction 219 Keytheoryandresearch 220 Definitionsofmonogamyacrossbiologicalandsocialsciences 220 Publichealthdefinitionofmonogamy 221 Laydefinitionsofmonogamy 221 Whydopeopleengageinmonogamy? 222 History 223 Monogamyandsexualhealth 224 Currentdebates 225 Isn’teveryonemonogamous? 226 Departuresfrommonogamy 227