The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy PDF
Preview The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy
The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy ScottNicholasRomaniuk(cid:129)FrancisGrice(cid:129)DanielaIrrera(cid:129)StewartWebb Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy Editors ScottNicholasRomaniuk FrancisGrice SchoolofInternationalStudies DepartmentofPoliticalScienceand UniversityofTrento InternationalStudies Trento,Trento,Italy McDanielCollege Westminster,Maryland,USA DanielaIrrera DepartmentofPoliticalandSocial StewartWebb Sciences DefenceReport UniversityofCatania SaltSpringIsland Catania,Catania,Italy BritishColumbia,Canada ISBN978-1-137-55768-1 ISBN978-1-137-55769-8(eBook) DOI10.1057/978-1-137-55769-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017936964 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 Theauthor(s)has/haveassertedtheirright(s)tobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthisworkin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any otherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:tonkoene/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisMacmillanPublishersLtd. The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, UnitedKingdom I NTRODUCTION Togetherwithinternationalunityandresolvewecanmeetthechallenge of this global scourge and work to bring about an international law of zero toleranceforterrorism. –IndianPrimeMinister Manmohan Singh Existing literature on terrorism and counterterrorism (CT) has overwhel- mingly focused on the strategic and operational policies of major Western states such as the USA and the UK. It is predominantly based upon theoretical reflections, which draw on both International Relations and other disciplines, and empirical analyses, which offer up case studies and regional overviews. Alex P. Schmid, a leading expert on terrorism studies, has identified, in Perspectives on Terrorism, that the CT policies of states and groups of states have received relatively little attention by experts in all fields. Itisforthisreasonthatthiseditedbookhasbeenassembled.Therehasbeen littleconcentrationonhowterrorismhasbeenatrulyglobalphenomenonand how others have responded to this threat. The majority of titles, especially thoseaboutCTpoliciesinthepost-9/11period,showthatthereisacompel- ling need for a multifaceted and comprehensive investigation of all aspects of CT, in which equal attention is given to state and non-state perspectives and approaches in allregionsof the world. There are two driving aims of the book: first, to look at this still under- researched field and to go beyond the CT policy of a small, yet dominant groupofplayers.Instead,thebookwillreassesstheexistence,andrelevance, of a set of regional variations that impact security at various levels. Second, without underestimating the major threat represented by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS or Daesh), the book underlines the role of some of the latent and burgeoning terrorist groups, organizations, and networks that were already thriving across the world in spite of existing policies. v vi INTRODUCTION In relation to the first aim, a large portion of the scholarly and policy literature has been guided by the notion that CT lessons from the USA andfrom9/11areapplicableformattersofterrorismandpoliticalviolence anywhere and everywhere in the world. Other analyses have focused on European states – or on the European Union (EU) as a whole – but still remain in the realm of Western-centrism. In a third tranche of works, a further narrow cohort of examples, such as the USA, the UK, Colombia, and Israel, have been advanced as representative cases of “effective” CT policy,onthebasisthatthesewerecasesinwhichpoliticalregimesfacedthe toughest threats and responded by developing active countermeasures. As aresult,thescholarlydebatehasbeenpervaded,formorethanadecade,by thedynamicsof CT programs that werefostered mainlyinWesternEurope andNorthAmerica,whilealsobeingshapedbyafocusontacklingal-Qaeda asthetypicalterroristthreat,anddrivenbytheUS-led“WaronTerror”.In contrast,thisbookassumes that the Westernizationof definitions of terror- ism and CT policies should be read in parallel to the gradual and rising developmentofcontributionsproducedbyothercountries,locatedinother regions. The different security cultures developed in South East Asia, Western and Central Africa, and the Middle East, for example, have cer- tainlybeenshapedbytheirowninstancesofpoliticalinstabilityandconflict management. This has tended to result in more militaristic and aggressive approaches. This brings us to the second aim, which is to analyze the impact of terrorist groups active on various regions. In support of this goal, several chapters in the book encompass a broad spectrum of terrorist acts and look at these within their national, regional, and global contexts. The intention here is to thoroughly analyze recent developments in terrorism, including (i)thebuildingofanetworkofcellsdisplacedindifferentcountriesthatare coordinatedremotely(i.e.,al-Qaida)and(ii)theambitiontobecomeastate (i.e., ISIS and the Basque separatists), as well as to investigate the transfor- mationsoccurringinterroristgroupsthatretainterritorialdimensionsand/ or local agendas. Empirical research has stressed, on the one hand, the evolving nature of terrorism after the end of the Cold War and the abandonment of traditional ideologies, and on the other, their impact upon “new wars,” on processes of democratization,andonthepoliticalstabilityofregimesindifferentregions,as well as how this shapes CT policies on the global level. It makes sense, there- fore,toinvestigatehowtheKurdistanWorkers’Party(PKK)orHezbollahare now turning into drug dealers, how Boko Haram is impacting the economic performanceofNigeria,howtheIslamicMovementofUzbekistanisaffecting the political solidity of the entire Central Asia, and other such cases. This also reinforcestherationaleforinvestigatingstate-levelCTpoliciesandtheirregio- nalimplications. INTRODUCTION vii RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY As noted previously, this book aims to present a range of thought-provoking discussions and examinations that challenge conventional wisdoms of indivi- dualscholarlyfieldsandtoprovidecompetingperspectivesonadiversepanor- ama of existing and emergent policies and practices. Experiences from both state and non-state actors (NSAs), from the Cold War period to the present day, areanalyzed aspartofthisinitiative. Experts in many fields have contributed both theoretical and practical ana- lyses to the book, which has multiple benefits, including the delivery of a genuinely multidisciplinary investigation into how terrorism and CT are reshaping both individual and collectives approaches and how this effects diverse societies. It also allows for coverage of states in regional and interre- gionalcontexts,includingtheEUandtheAfricanUnion(AU),aswellasstates thatgobeyondWesternspheres,suchasTaiwan,Indonesia,India,theRussian Federation,China, South Africa, Algeria,andSomalia. Fromatheoreticalpointofview,thebookaddressesmanytimelyissuesand appliesthemtoadiversebodyofstates,societies,andcommunities.Whilethe social sciences feature most prevalently in the volume, especially political science and international relations, it also contains a cross section of analyses frommanyotherdifferentfields,suchasterrorismandCTstudies,insurgency, counterinsurgency (COIN), national security, defense policy, social theory, international history, foreign policy studies, security studies, sociology, and gender studies. Additionally, instead of looking exclusively at states, the volume explores how conditions of terrorism can remain in the shadows and mightbecharacterizedassecretwarsthatgoaboveandbeyondthethreatthey pose toall societies,states, andNSAs. From an empirical perspective, leading theoretical approaches are dynami- cally connected to case studies and examples of CT operations. This is done whiletakingintoconsiderationawidescopeofgeopoliticalfeatures,including multiple states, regions, and affiliations, which avoids the restricted views associated with only adopting a single national or state perspective. It also employs a spectrum of primary and secondary source material and research frommultiple nationalandinternational domains. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK Each chapter in this volume provides readers with the opportunity to engage with important conceptual, historical, and contemporary matters within the ambit of the primary themes stated herein. It also along supplies discussion about the direct and indirect relationships of states with terrorism, CT, and warfare more generally in the twenty-first century. The book is divided into seven sections. The first is devoted to a general theoretical overview and introductiontocasestudies,whilethefollowingsectionsaredividedbyregion. viii INTRODUCTION Some preliminary notes are required for better understanding the structure of the volume. First, regions are conceived through their own geographical dimensions, rather than their political and/or economic ones (as traditional regional studies suggest). This is because special attention is dedicated to regionalorganizationsandtotherelevanceofthedynamicsoftheirintegration upontheirsecurityculturesandCTpolicies.Second,withineachregion,onlya selection of case studies have been chosen, because covering all of the states, dependent and contested territories, and NSAs would be an infeasible task. Instead,onlythosecasesthatbestfitwiththetheoreticaldesignandaimsofthe bookhavebeencovered.Moreover,ratherthanbeingasimplecompilationof data, the handbook aims at being an articulated analysis of national perfor- mances incollective andcooperative systems. The first section focuses onthe generalapproaches of states facing contem- porary conflicts. Both opportunities and challenges with regard to terrorism and the formulation and implementation of CT policy permeate the section. Some of the chapters diverge into particular types of warfare, military opera- tions, and other CT governmental activities, which often form specifically identifiablecomponents withinbroader wars. The successive sections open to regional analyses, beginning with Western dominant approaches and moving into other regions as the book progresses. Section2explainshowandwhytheUShegemonicpowerhasbeensoassertive in defining terrorism and in driving the formation of CT policies. The North American perspective is balanced by chapters on the Caribbean, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, which have to tackle anti-imperialist and Marxist terrorist,aswell asIslamicandreligiousextremism. Section3broadensthepurviewoftheworkbyaddressingEurope.Contrary totheAmericas,Europehasdevelopedanambitiousintegrationprocess,which includes security and defense policy. Therefore, the section opens with a chapter on EU dynamics and then continues with assessments of its member states. The EU common security and defense policy has been the result of a drawn out process, nurtured by national contributions, particularly by those states that have the longest experiences of CT. Italy, Germany, the UK, and Spain have, for example, had to face self-determination movements for many decades, as well as radical right- and left-wing groups. To combat these, they have developed sophisticated and integrated responses, including intelligence, police cooperation, and political negotiation. France and the Netherlands are current examples of societies that are affected by religious extremism and face difficulties in culture assimilation and/or integration. This is followed by a comparatively shorter Section 4, which examines Eurasia, including Russia, Belarus, and two Central Asian states, all of whom face controversial legacies fromthe pastin theirCTefforts. SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia,andEastAsia,describedinSection5,arehometoa widerangeofconflicts,religiousextremists,andself-determinationmovements. INTRODUCTION ix Atthesametime,theregionisnotableforcontainingnumerousnon-democratic, semi-authoritarian and authoritarian political regimes, with a major exception beingIndia.Tocapturesomeofthemostimportantdynamicsintheregion,the book delves into South Asia (including chapters on Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka), East Asia (with chapters on Japan, China, and Taiwan), and Southeast Asia(includingchaptersonSingapore,Indonesia,andthePhilippines).Common themes for this region are security cultures based on self-defense and military spending,butalsoshapedbytheneedtofulfillbasiccooperationwithinregional organizationssuchastheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN). Section 6 introduces readers to terrorism and CT in the Middle East. The War on Terror, the rising of ISIS and Muslim extremism and the precarious position of Turkey in the midst of what might be characterized as either growing,ongoing,orresurgentPKKactivityareanalyzedasthemainfeatures of an extensive and diversified area. The lasting conflict in Palestine – and the consequent military response from Israel, which is now looked upon as an example by some European powers – is investigated in parallel to moderate (suchasusedinBahrain)andhybrid(suchasusedinYemen)CTapproaches. Finally,AfricaisexploredinSection7.NigeriaandSomaliarepresentextre- mely important cases in this section since they are the vanguard of rising terroristgroupsinAfrica,whichareapparentlytraditionalones,butinpractice they can seriously put regional and global security at risk. Colonial legacies, whicharestillexploitedbylocalmovements,alsoplayamajorroleinterrorism andCTintheregionandtheseareexaminedthroughchaptersonstatessuchas Mali andKenya. This brief introduction addresses the rationale advanced at the beginning. Thevolumecontributestothecurrentdebatebyrememberingthatthereality ofterrorismismorediversifiedthanitappearsandthatmultilateralcooperation is certainly the best response, but it must be founded upon awareness and coordination of individualstateperformances. C ONTENTS SectionI States andContemporaryConflict 1 Conceptualizing StateCounterterrorism 3 OlivierLewis 2 TerrorismandCounterterrorism: The Criticalityof Context 39 William R. Matchett 3 The Challenges ofDefining Terrorismfor Counter-Terrorism Policy 73 AliceMartini andEmeka T.Njoku 4 Evaluatingthe ‘Success’and ‘Failure’ of Counterterrorism PolicyandPractice 91 RobertNalbandov 5 Counterterrorism andSociety:The Contradictionof the SurveillanceState– Understandingthe RelationshipAmong Communities, StateAuthorities, andSociety 117 Joshua Skoczylis 6 FacingStates ofFear:The EmergingIssues ofTerrorism andCounterterrorism inTransitional Justice 135 Elena Sciandra xi
The list of books you might like
