The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience PDF
Preview The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience
THE PAKISTAN PARADOX THE CERI SERIES IN COmPARATIvE POlITICS AND INTERNATIONAl STuDIES Series editor, Christophe Jaffrelot This series consists of translations of noteworthy manuscripts and publica- tions in the social sciences emanating from the foremost French researchers at Sciences Po, Paris. The focus of the series is the transformation of politics and society by transnational and domestic factors—globalisation, migration and religion. States are more permeable to external influence than ever before and this phenomenon is accelerating processes of social and political change the world over. In seeking to understand and interpret these transformations, this series gives priority to social trends from below as much as to the interventions of state and non-state actors. CHRISTOPHE JAFFRELOT The Pakistan Paradox Instability and Resilience Translated by Cynthia Schoch A A Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Copyright © Christophe Jaffrelot, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Jaffrelot, Christophe The Pakistan Paradox/Instability and Resilience ISBN 978-0-19023-518-5 CONTENTS List of Tables ix Preface and Acknowledgements xi Maps xiii Introduction 1 Three Wars, Three Constitutions and Three Coups 2 Between India and Afghanistan: Caught in a Pincer Movement? 6 The Pakistani Paradox 8 PART ONE NATIONALISM WITHOUT A NATION—AND EVEN WITHOUT A PEOPLE? 1. The Socio-Ethnic Origins of Indian Muslim Separatism: The Reform Phase (1857–1906) 25 The Crushing of the 1857 Revolt and Reactions of the Muslim Elite 26 F rom the Aligarh Movement to the Muslim League 31 M uslimhood as a Communal Ideology 46 2. A n Elite in Search of a State—and a Nation (1906–1947) 53 M uslim Politics beyond the North Indian Elite 54 J innah, the Congress and the Muslim-majority Provinces 64 M ajority Muslims versus Minority Muslims 70 J innah’s Strategy 76 Th e 1946 Elections: What Turning Point? 86 3. I slamic State or a Collection of Ethnic Groups? From One Partition to the Next 97 J innah’s Nation-State: Between “The Poison Of Provincialism” and the Indian Threat 98 v CONTENTS S tillborn Federalism and the Unresolved Ethno-linguistic Issue 101 M uhajirs and Punjabis, Founding Fathers of a Unitary and Centralised State 104 B engali Separatism: Mujibur Rahman, the Two-Economy Theory and the Centre’s Overreaction 118 4. F ive Ethnic Groups for One Nation: Between Support and Alienation 127 Th e Pakistanisation of Sindh 128 Th e Baloch Self-Determination Movement 135 Th e Pashtuns, from Pashtunistan to Pakhtunkwa 152 M uhajir Militancy—and its Limitations 160 N ational Integration through Federalism and Regionalisation of Politics? 181 PART TWO NEITHER DEMOCRACY NOR AUTOCRACY? 5. I mpossible Democracy or Impossible Democrats? 197 A n Initial Democratic Design Aborted (1947–1958) 199 D emocratisation, Separatism and Authoritarianism (1969–1977) 216 C ivilians under Influence—and Prone to Lawlessness (1988–1999) 239 A Democratic “Transition” without Transfer of Power? (2007–2013) 259 Th e 2013 Elections: What “New Pakistan”? 278 Th e 2014 Crisis: Imran Khan, Qadri, Nawaz Sharif and the Army 282 6. V ariable-Geometry Military Dictatorship 299 A yub Khan, an “Enlightened Dictator”? 300 Z ia: A Modern Tyrant 323 M usharraf, a New Ayub Khan? 338 7. The Judiciary, the Media and NGOs: In Search of Opposition Forces 373 Th e Judges: From Submission to Control? 373 Th e Press: A Fifth Estate? 411 Th e Opposite of Tocqueville: Democratisation without Civil Society? 427 Th e Election Commission—a Work in Progress 429 PART THREE ISLAM: TERRITORIAL IDEOLOGY OR POLITICAL RELIGION? 8. F rom Jinnah’s Secularism to Zia’s Islamisation Policy 439 vi CONTENTS W hat Islam, for What Policy? (1947–1969) 440 I slamisation and the Politics of Legitimation (1969–1988) 460 9. J ihadism, Sectarianism and Talibanism: From Military/Mullah Cooperation to 9/11 481 The Rise of Sectarianism or the Invention of a New Enemy Within 482 F rom One Jihad to Another: From Afghanistan to Kashmir and Back 498 Th e Taliban: the Price of “Friendship” 520 Th e 11 September 2001 Attacks: A Watershed Moment 523 M usharraf and the Islamists: A Selective Break 528 10. T oward Civil War? The State vs. (some) Islamists and the Islamists vs. the Minorities 543 Th e Islamists, a Social and Political Force 544 Th e State’s Double Game in Pashtun Areas—and the Islamists’ Measured Response 562 Th e Rise of Extremes 568 Th e Army: Accomplice and/or Out of Its Depth? 587 P unjab, New Land of Conquest? 609 M inorities under Attack 616 Conclusion 631 One Syndrome, Three Contradictions 632 The Fourth Dimension: Elites Backed by External Support 638 After 16 December 2014: What “Post-Peshawar” Pakistan? 643 Glossary 649 List of acronyms 653 Bibliography 657 Index 661 vii
The list of books you might like
