The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law

950 Pages·2013·8.23 MB·English

by  Bardo Fassbender

[UNTITLED]
Oxford Handbooks Online
[UNTITLED]
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
Edited by Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters
Print Publication Date: Nov 2012 Subject: Law
Online Publication Date: Dec
2012
(p. iv)
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Contents Go to page:
Front Matter
[UNTITLED]
Preface
Table of Cases
Notes on the Contributors
Introduction: Towards A Global History Of International Law
Actors
Peoples and Nations
States: Rise and Decline of the Primary Subjects of the International Community
Peace Treaties and the Formation of International Law
Minorities and Majorities
Hostes humani generis: Pirates, Slavers, and Other Criminals
International Arbitration and Courts
International Organizations: Between Technocracy and Democracy
Peace Movements, Civil Society, and the Development of International Law
Themes
Territory and Boundaries
Cosmopolis and Utopia
Peace and War
Religion and Religious Intervention
The Protection of the Individual in Times of War and Peace
Trade, Chartered Companies, and Mercantile Associations
The Sea
Regions
Africa and Arabia
Africa north of the sahara and arab countries
Africa
Ottoman Empire
Asia
China
Japan
India
The Americas and the Caribbean
North America: American Exceptionalism In International Law
Latin America
The Caribbean
Europe
From the Late Middle Ages to the Peace of Westphalia
From The Peace Of Westphalia To The Congress Of Vienna
From the Congress of Vienna To the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919
From the Paris Peace Treaties to the End of the Second World War
Encounters
China–Europe
Japan–Europe
India–Europe
Russia–Europe
North American Indigenous Peoples’ Encounters
Interaction or Imposition
Diplomacy
Discovery, Conquest, and Occupation of Territory
Colonialism and Domination
Slavery
The Civilized and the Uncivilized
Methodology and Theory
A History of International Law Histories
Doctrine Versus State Practice
The Periodization of the History of International Law
The Reception of Ancient Legal Thought in Early Modern International Law
Eurocentrism in the History of International Law
Identifying Regions in the History of International Law
People In Portrait
Muhammad Al­Shaybānī (749/50–805)
Francisco De Vitoria (1483–1546) and Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
Alberico Gentili (1552–1608)
Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)
Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)
Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
Cornelius Van Bynkershoek (1673–1743)
Jean­Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
Emer De Vattel (1714–1767)
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
Henry Wheaton (1785–1848)
Francis Lieber (1798–1872)
Bertha Von Suttner (1843–1914)
Friedrich Fromhold Von Martens (Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens) (1845–1909)
Lassa Oppenheim (1858–1919)
Max Huber (1874–1960)
Georges Scelle (1878–1961)
Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
Hersch Lauterpacht (1897–1960)
End Matter
Index
Preface
Oxford Handbooks Online
Preface
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
Edited by Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters
Print Publication Date: Nov 2012 Subject: Law
Online Publication Date: Dec
2012
Preface
On 17 October 1724, Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, granted an audience to the
French Ambassador Vicomte d’Andrezel whom he received in the Topkapı Palace in
Constantinople. A French contemporary painter, Jean Baptiste van Mour (1671–1737), depicted
the meeting in a beautifully carpeted and decorated red room, showing the sultan on his
throne surrounded by a large group of officials which almost encircle the foreigners who
appear rather small besides the Ottomans with their high hats. This sumptuous scene,
reproduced on the jacket of the hardback edition of this Handbook, might not be visible to all
readers of the book in public or university libraries. The original oil painting Réception de l’ 
Ambassadeur de France, le vicomte d’Andrezel, par le Sultan Ahmed III, le 17 octobre 1724,
à Constantinople can be seen in the Musée des Beaux-Arts (Museum of Fine Arts) of
Bordeaux.
We chose this picture for the jacket because it illustrates one of the objectives of this
Handbook, namely to explore the history of encounters between political and economic actors
rooted in different legal cultures which gave rise to the emergence of what we now call
‘international law’. Vicomte d’Andrezel was by far not the first French ambassador in
Constantinople. Diplomatic relations between the Sultan and the French King had been
entertained since 1536, and at the time of our scene the ‘union of the lily and the crescent’
was firmly established.1 A historian commented that such meetings between Sultans or Grand
Viziers and foreign ambassadors ‘appeared to be a collision between two worlds; they wore
different costumes, spoke different languages and followed different religions. In reality,
through their respective interpreters they spoke a common language of power, profit and
monarchy.’2 One of the central questions of this Handbook is whether they also spoke a
common legal language.
Sadly, three authors are no longer with us to see their contribution in print. Peter Krüger (1935–
2011) was professor of modern history at the University of Marburg. His research focused on
the history of international relations, the history of ideas, and constitutional history. A leading
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Preface
expert in the history of the interwar period, he wrote the chapter ‘From the Paris Peace Treaties
to the End of the Second World War’. Despite illness, he participated actively in our Interlaken
workshop in January 2011 where first drafts of the contributions were discussed among the
authors and editors.
Antonio Cassese (1937–2011) was an outstanding international lawyer who combined a career
as a university professor with membership in important UN bodies and work as an international
judge. From 1993 to 2000, he was the first President (1993–97) and a presiding judge (1998–
2000) of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. In (p. vi) 2004, he
chaired the UN International Commission of Enquiry into Violations of Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law in Darfur. From 2009 to 2011, he was President of the Special Tribunal for
Lebanon. Notwithstanding his immense workload, he did not hesitate a minute when we asked
him to write the chapter ‘States: Rise and Decline of the Primary Subjects of the International
Community’ for this Handbook.
David J Bederman (1961–2011) was the K H Gyr Professor in Private International Law at Emory
University, Atlanta. Prior to coming to Emory, he practised law in Washington, DC, and worked
as a legal adviser at the Iran/United States Claims Tribunal at The Hague. Professor Bederman
published extensively on diverse legal topics, including legal history, constitutional law,
international legal theory and practice, and the law of the sea. His chapter ‘The Sea’ in this
Handbook combines a number of his areas of expertise.
We mourn the passing of our friends and colleagues. We are grateful for their important
contributions to this work and will remember them as superb legal scholars and wonderful
human beings.
This project would have been impossible without the generous funding by several institutions:
the Schweizerische Nationalfonds (Swiss National Science Foundation), the Swiss Federal
Department of Foreign Affairs, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft (Basel), the Gerda
Henkel Stiftung (Düsseldorf), the Jacobs Foundation (Zurich), and the Stiftung zur Förderung
der rechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Forschung an der Universität Basel.
We could not have handled the great number of manuscripts published in the present work,
could not have kept track of virtually hundreds of emails which we exchanged with our
authors, and could not have organized the very fruitful Interlaken workshop without the diligent
work of the assistant editors Simone Peter and Daniel Högger: Thank you very much! Simone
also lent invaluable assistance to the development of the concept of the Handbook, in
particular its global history approach.
It was a difficult task to make the manuscripts, and especially the footnotes, conform to the
editorial rules of the publisher. This task has been skillfully accomplished by our student
research assistants Lilian Buchmann and Madeleine Schreiner in Basel, and Konstantin
Seliverstov in Munich. Further, our special thanks go to the senior research assistants Anja
Kiessling, Carolin König und Iris Ludwig in Munich, who contributed to the editorial work and to
Claudia Jeker in Basel for her unwawering support and dedication in all respects. John Louth
and Merel Alstein from Oxford University Press gave advice and support to the project right
from the start.
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Preface
We finally most sincerely wish to thank, once more, our authors: It is a banal but nevertheless
true statement that without you the present volume could not have come into existence. We
are grateful for your hard work, your enthusiasm and your patience. We hope that you are
satisfied with what we achieved together.
Munich and Basel, July 2012
Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters
Notes:
(1) P Mansel ‘Art and Diplomacy in Ottoman Constantinople’ (1996) 46(8) History Today 43–49,
at 44.
(2) Ibid at 45.
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Table of Cases
Oxford Handbooks Online
Table of Cases
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
Edited by Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters
Print Publication Date: Nov 2012 Subject: Law
Online Publication Date: Dec
2012
Table of Cases
International Jurisdictions
International Arbitrations
Alabama Arbitration (1872) 61, 164, 281, 540–2, 672
Anglo-Venezuelan Arbitration (1899) 1148
British Claims in the Spanish Zone of Morocco Arbitration (1923–1925) 1158
Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands v United States of America) (1928) 2 Rep Intl Arbitral
Awards 831 61–2, 167, 239, 1157
Maria Luz case (1873) 163
Naulilaa Case (Portugal v Germany) (1928) 2 Rep Intl Arbitral Awards 1019 61–2
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Great Britain v United States of America) (1910) 11 Rep
Intl Arbitral Awards 167 241, 375
St Croix River Arbitration (1798) 279
Tinoco Arbitration (Great Britain v Costa Rica) (1923) 1 Rep Intl Arbitral Awards 369 61
League of Nations Council
Aaland Case (1920) 1157
Permanent Court of International Justice
Case of the S.S. ‘Lotus’ (France v Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Rep Series A No 10 61–2, 167, 1157
Greco-Bulgarian ‘Communities’ case, PCIJ Rep Series B No 17 97–8
Minority Schools in Albania (Greece v Albania) (Advisory Opinion) PCIJ Rep Series A/B No 64
112
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