The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods, Vol.2: Statistical Analysis PDF
Preview The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods, Vol.2: Statistical Analysis
The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY Editor-in-Chief PeterE.Nathan AreaEditors: ClinicalPsychology DavidH.Barlow CognitiveNeuroscience KevinN.OchsnerandStephenM.Kosslyn CognitivePsychology DanielReisberg CounselingPsychology ElizabethM.AltmaierandJo-IdaC.Hansen DevelopmentalPsychology PhilipDavidZelazo HealthPsychology HowardS.Friedman HistoryofPsychology DavidB.Baker MethodsandMeasurement ToddD.Little Neuropsychology KennethM.Adams OrganizationalPsychology SteveW.J.Kozlowski PersonalityandSocialPsychology KayDeauxandMarkSnyder O X F O R D L I B R A R Y O F P S Y C H O L O G Y peter e. nathan Editor-in-Chief The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods Edited by Todd D. Little Volume 2: Statistical Analysis 1 3 OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide. Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandcertainother countries. PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaby OxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 ©OxfordUniversityPress2013 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedina retrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior permissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw, bylicense,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereproductionrightsorganization. Inquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttothe RightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove. Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TheOxfordhandbookofquantitativemethods/editedbyToddD.Little. v.cm.–(Oxfordlibraryofpsychology) ISBN978–0–19–993487–4 ISBN978–0–19–993489–8 1. Psychology–Statisticalmethods. 2. Psychology–Mathematicalmodels. I. Little,ToddD. BF39.O9272012 (cid:2) 150.721—dc23 2012015005 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper SHORT CONTENTS OxfordLibraryofPsychology vii AbouttheEditor ix Contributors xi TableofContents xvii Chapters 1–758 Index 759 v This page intentionally left blank OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY The Oxford Library of Psychology, a landmark series of handbooks, is published by OxfordUniversityPress,oneoftheworld’soldestandmosthighlyrespectedpublish- ers,withatraditionofpublishingsignificantbooksinpsychology.Theambitiousgoal oftheOxfordLibraryofPsychologyisnothinglessthantospanavibrant,wide-ranging fieldand,insodoing,tofillaclearmarketneed. Encompassing a comprehensive set of handbooks, organized hierarchically, the Library incorporates volumes at different levels, each designed to meet a distinct need. At one level are a set of handbooks designed broadly to survey the major subfields of psychology; at another are numerous handbooks that cover important currentfocalresearchandscholarlyareasofpsychologyindepthanddetail.Planned as a reflection of the dynamism of psychology, the Library will grow and expand aspsychologyitselfdevelops,therebyhighlightingsignificantnewresearchthatwill impact on the field. Adding to its accessibility and ease of use, the Library will be publishedinprintand,lateron,electronically. TheLibrary surveyspsychology’sprincipalsubfieldswithasetofhandbooksthat capturethecurrentstatusandfutureprospectsofthosemajorsubdisciplines.Thisini- tialsetincludeshandbooksofsocialandpersonalitypsychology,clinicalpsychology, counseling psychology, school psychology, educational psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, methods and measurements, history, neuropsychology, personality assessment, developmen- talpsychology,andmore.Eachhandbookundertakestoreviewoneofpsychology’s major subdisciplines with breadth, comprehensiveness, and exemplary scholarship. In addition to these broadly conceived volumes, the Library also includes a large numberofhandbooksdesignedtoexploreindepthmorespecializedareasofschol- arshipandresearch,suchasstress,healthandcoping,anxietyandrelateddisorders, cognitivedevelopment,orchildandadolescentassessment.Incontrasttothebroad coverageofthesubfieldhandbooks,eachoftheselattervolumesfocusesonanespe- cially productive, more highly focused line of scholarship and research. Whether at the broadest or most specific level, however, all of the Library handbooks offer synthetic coverage that reviews and evaluates the relevant past and present research andanticipatesresearchinthefuture.EachhandbookintheLibrary includesintro- ductory and concluding chapters written by its editor to provide a roadmap to the handbook’stableofcontentsandtoofferinformedanticipationsofsignificantfuture developmentsinthatfield. An undertaking of this scope calls for handbook editors and chapter authors who are established scholars in the areas about which they write. Many of the vii nation’s and world’s most productive and best-respected psychologists have agreed toeditLibrary handbooksorwriteauthoritativechaptersintheirareasofexpertise. ForwhomhastheOxfordLibraryofPsychologybeenwritten?Becauseofitsbreadth, depth, and accessibility, the Library serves a diverse audience, including graduate studentsinpsychologyandtheirfacultymentors,scholars,researchers,andpracti- tionersinpsychologyandrelatedfields.EachwillfindintheLibrarytheinformation they seek on the subfield or focal area of psychology in which they work or are interested. Befittingitscommitmenttoaccessibility,eachhandbookincludesacomprehen- sive index, as well as extensive references to help guide research. And because the Library was designed from its inception as an online as well as a print resource, its structure and contents will be readily and rationally searchable online. Further, oncetheLibrary isreleasedonline,thehandbookswillberegularlyandthoroughly updated. In summary, the Oxford Library of Psychology will grow organically to provide a thoroughly informed perspective on the field of psychology—one that reflects both psychology’s dynamism and its increasing interdisciplinarity. Once published electronically,theLibrary isalsodestinedtobecomeauniquelyvaluableinteractive tool, with extended search and browsing capabilities. As you begin to consult this handbook,wesincerelyhopeyouwillshareourenthusiasmforthemorethan500- yeartraditionofOxfordUniversityPressforexcellence,innovation,andquality,as exemplifiedbytheOxfordLibraryofPsychology. PeterE.Nathan Editor-in-Chief OxfordLibraryofPsychology viii oxford library of psychology ABOUT THE EDITOR Todd D. Little Todd D. Little, Ph.D., is a Professor of Psychology, Director of the Quantitative training program, Director of the undergraduate Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodologyminor,andamemberoftheDevelopmentaltrainingprogram.Since 2010,ToddhasbeenDirectoroftheCenterforResearchMethodsandDataAnalysis (CRMDA)atKansasUniversity.Littleisinternationallyrecognizedforhisquanti- tativeworkonvariousaspectsofappliedSEM(e.g., indicatorselection, parceling, modelingdevelopmentalprocesses)aswellashissubstantivedevelopmentalresearch (e.g., action-control processes and motivation, coping, and self-regulation). In 2001,LittlewaselectedtomembershipintheSocietyforMultivariateExperimental Psychology.In2009,hewaselectedPresidentofAPA’sDivision5(Evaluation,Mea- surement, and Statistics) and in 2010 was elected Fellow of the division. In 2012, he was elected Fellow in the Association for Psychological Science. He founded, organizes,andteachesintheinternationallyrenownedKU“StatsCamps”eachJune (seecrmda.KU.edufordetailsofthesummertrainingprograms). Littlehasedited fivebooksrelatedtomethodologyincludingTheOxfordHandbookofQuantitative MethodsandtheGuilfordHandbookofDevelopmentalResearchMethods(withBrett LaursenandNoelCard).Littlehasbeenprincipalinvestigatororco-principalinves- tigatoronmorethan15grantsandcontracts,statisticalconsultantonmorethan60 grantsandhehasguidedthedevelopmentofmorethan10differentmeasurement tools. ix
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