the oxford handbook of MEDIEVAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISH This page intentionally left blank the oxford handbook of ....................................................................................................................................................................... MEDIEVAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISH ....................................................................................................................................................................... Edited by ELAINE TREHARNE and GREG WALKER with the assistance of WILLIAM GREEN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #OxfordUniversityPress2010 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2010 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire ISBN978–0–19–922912–3 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 P REFACE .................................. The Oxford Handbook to Medieval Literature aims to provide advanced Medieval undergraduates and graduate students with an accessible set of scholarly essays on key themes, written by leading scholars. The editors thank all the contributors for makingtheirjobsoenjoyableandfreeofproblems. WeshouldalsoliketothankWilliamGreen,whohasablyassistedusintheediting process,KateLechlerfortheManuscriptIndexandAndrewMcNeilliewhocontracted ustoundertakethisprojectforOUPandhaskeptabenevolenteyeuponourprogress eversince. Finally, Greg Walker would like to thank Randall Stevenson, Sarah Carpenter, DavidSalter,SarahDunnigan,JohnJ.McGavin,theSouthamptonCavalierscricket team, Sharon, Matthew, David and Tessa and, of course, his esteemed co-editor; while Elaine Treharne wishes to thank her venerable co-editor, and to say how gratefulsheistoAndy,Joffy,andIzzyasalways. This page intentionally left blank C ONTENTS .......................................... ListofIllustrations xi ListofContributors xii PROLOGUE SpeakingoftheMedieval 1 ELAINETREHARNE PART I LITERARY PRODUCTION 1. BooksandManuscripts 17 A.S.G.EDWARDS 2.TextualCopyingandTransmission 33 ORIETTADAROLD 3.TheProfessionalizationofWriting 57 SIMONHOROBIN 4.Writing,Authority,andBureaucracy 68 NICHOLASPERKINS 5.TheImpactofPrint:ThePerceivedWorthofthePrintedBookin England,1476–1575 90 ELIZABETHEVENDEN PART II LITERARY CONSUMPTION 6.LiteratureandtheCulturalElites 111 RALPHHANNA 7.TheVerseofHeroes 133 JAYNECARROLL viii contents 8.InsularRomance 160 SIAˆNECHARD 9.AYorkPrimeranditsAlphabet:ReadingWomeninaLayHousehold 181 NICOLAMCDONALD 10.PerformingCommunities:CivicReligiousDrama 200 JOHN J.MCGAVIN PART III LITERATURE, CLERICAL AND LAY 11.ChangeandContinuity:TheEnglishSermonbefore1250 221 BELLA MILLETT 12.AuthorizingFemalePiety 240 DIANEWATT 13.VisionsandVisionaries 256 ANDREWGALLOWAY 14.Writing,Heresy,andtheAnticlericalMuse 276 MISHTOONIBOSE 15.AcquiringWisdom:TeachingTextsandtheLoreofthePeople 297 DANIELANLEZARK PART IV LITERARY REALITIES 16.TheYorkshirePartisansandtheLiteratureofPopularDiscontent 321 ANDREWPRESCOTT 17.TheGothicTurnandtheTwelfth-CenturyEnglishChronicles 353 THOMASA.BREDEHOFT 18.Anti-SocialReform:WritingRebellion 370 STEPHENKELLY 19.SecularMedievalDrama 384 ELISABETH DUTTON 20.‘SweitRois ... DelytsumLyllie’:MetaphoricalandReal FlowersinMedievalVerse 395 GILLIANRUDD contents ix PART V COMPLEX IDENTITIES 21.Authority,Constraint,andtheWritingoftheMedievalSelf 413 KATHRYN KERBY-FULTON 22.ComplexIdentities:SelvesandOthers 434 KATHYLAVEZZO 23.TheChosenPeople:SpiritualIdentities 457 SAMANTHA ZACHER 24.Individuality 478 ALCUINBLAMIRES 25.EmergentEnglishness 496 JACQUELINESTODNICK PART VI LITERARY PLACE, SPACE, AND TIME 26.RegionsandCommunities 515 HELENFULTON 27.TheCityandtheText:LondonLiterature 540 ALISON WIGGINS 28.ReadingCommunities 557 WENDYSCASE 29.ScottishWriting 574 ELIZABETH ELLIOTT 30.PlacesoftheImagination:TheGawain-Poet 594 THORLACTURVILLE-PETRE PART VII LITERARY JOURNEYS 31.Pilgrimages,TravelWriting,andtheMedievalExotic 611 JEFFREYJEROMECOHEN 32.‘Britain’:OriginaryMythsandtheStoriesofPeoples 629 ANKEBERNAU 33.MapsandMargins:OtherLands,OtherPeoples 649 ALFREDHIATT