The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology PDF
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2 The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology 1 The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology Edited by Chris Gosden, Barry Cunliffe, and Rosemary A. Joyce Abstract The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology brings together thirty-five specialist authors to explain what archae- ology is really about — archaeology is a vast subject, it is the study of human society everywhere in the world, from distant human origins 3–4 million years ago up to the present day. This book is a comprehen- sive treatment of the subject and covers all the key debates. It is designed to open up the world of archaeol- ogy to non-specialists and to provide a starting point for those who want to pursue particular topics in more depth. Keywords: human origins, human society, present-day archaeology, key debates Editors Chris Gosden, editor Chris Gosden, Professor of European Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. Barry Cunliffe, editor Barry Cunliffe is Emeritus Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the British Academy. He has excavated widely in Britain, the Channel Islands, France, and Spain, and writ- ten a number of books on archaeology, including Facing the Ocean (OUP, 2001) and The Celts (OUP, 2003). He has presented many radio and television programmes and is currently Trustee of the British Mu- seum and Commissioner of English Heritage. Rosemary A. Joyce, editor Rosemary A. Joyce, Richard and Rhoda Goldman Distinguished Professor in the Social Sciences, and Pro- fessor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lum- pur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary It- aly Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2009 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organ- ization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–927101–6 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 4 List of Contributors Harry Allen. Associate Professor of Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, and coordinator of the Faculty of Arts Graduate programme in Museums and Cultural Heritage, University of Auckland, New Zealand. G. Barker. Disney Professor of Archaeology and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, UK. Robin Boast. Deputy Director of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cam- bridge, UK. Cyprian Broodbank. Senior Lecturer in Aegean Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, University Col- lege London, UK. Elizabeth M. Brumfiel. Professor, Department of Anthropology, North-western University, Illinois, USA. Charles R. Cobb. Professor and Director, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, USA. Barry Cunliffe. Emeritus Professor of European Archaeology, University of Oxford, UK. Terence N. �Altroy. Professor, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, USA. William Davies. Lecturer in Human Origins, Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK. Tim Denham. Australian Research Council/Monash Research Fellow, School of Geography and Envi- ronmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Marcia-Anne Dobres. Department of Anthropology, University of Maine, USA. Richard Fullagar. Co-director of Scarp Archaeology, Sydney, Australia. P. P. Funari. Professor of Archaeology, Department of History, and Head of the Center for Strategic Studies, State University of Campinas, Brazil. Roberta Gilchrist. Professor of Archaeology, University of Reading, UK. Chris Gosden. Professor of European Archaeology, University of Oxford, UK. Lesley Head. Professor and Head of the School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wol- longong, Wollongong, Australia. Robert Hedges. Professor of Archaeology and Deputy Director, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, UK. Georgina Herrmann. Visiting Honorary Professor of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK. Bryan C. Hood. Professor, Institute for Archaeology, University of Tromsø, Norway. Matthew H. Johnson. Professor of Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK. Andrew Jones. Lecturer in Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK. Rosemary A. Joyce. Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Kristian Kristiansen. Professor, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Göteborg University, Sweden. Li Liu. Professor of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Australia. Gary Lock. Professor of Archaeology, University of Oxford, UK. Randall H. McGuire. Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, New York, USA. Jonathan Marks. Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA. 5 Yvonne Marshall. Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK. Peter Mitchell. Professor of African Archaeology, University of Oxford, and Tutor and Fellow in Ar- chaeology, St Hugh's College, Oxford, UK. Steven Mithen. Professor of Early Prehistory and Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Reading, UK. Ian Morris. Jean and Rebecca Willard Professor of Classics and Professor of History, Department of Classics, Stanford University, California, USA. Stephanie Moser. Professor of Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK. S. Nelson. John Evans Distinguished Professor (Emerita), University of Denver, USA. Paul Pettitt. Senior Lecturer in Palaeolithic Archaeology, University of Sheffield, UK. Innocent Pikirayi. Associate Professor in Archaeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. M. Pollard. Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science and Director, Research Laboratory for Ar- chaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, UK. Kathy Schick. Co-director, Stone Age Institute, Gosport, Indiana, USA. Robin Skeates. Senior Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, UK. E. Stovel. Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology/ Sociology, and Coordina- tor of Latin American Studies and Intercultural Studies Program, Ripon College, Wisconsin, USA. M. S. Tite. Emeritus Professor, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, UK. Nicholas Toth. Co-director, Stone Age Institute, Gosport, Indiana, USA. Roger White. Senior Lecturer and Deputy Director, Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham, UK. Jonathan Williams. Keeper of the Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum, London, UK. Zarankin. Departamento de Sociología e Antropología, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pam- pulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 6 Contents Front Matter List of Contributors Introduction The Name and Nature of Archaeology The Discipline of Archaeology The Formative Century, 1860–1960 The Theoretical Scene, 1960–2000 Into the Future Technologies Tools of the Trade Measuring the Passage of Time: Achievements and Challenges in Archaeological Dating Human Activity in a Spatial Context Data Collection by Excavation Mastering Materials Early Humans The Nature of Humanness Early Hominids The Emergence of Homo Sapiens Sapiens The Neanderthals Peopling the World Strategies for Survival Hunters and Gatherers Early Farming and Domestication Studying Guman Diet Complex Societies and the Formation of Early States Cultural Complexity Trade and Interaction China: State Formation and Urbanization Mesoamerica The Central Andean Region in Prehistory Some Regional Overviews The Mediterranean and its Hinterland The Archaeology of Sub-Saharan Africa Pre-Islamic Central Asia The Circumpolar Zone East Asia Australasia The Pacific Islands North America South American Archaeology Issues and Debates Indigenous Voices, Archaeology, and the Issue of Repatriation Sex and Gender Archaeological Representation: the Consumption and Creation of the Past 7 Community Archaeology End Matter Subject Index Index of Personal Names: Includes all referenced authors 8
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