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OXIORD LINGUISTICS The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages EDITED BY MARIANNE BAKRÓ-NAGY, JOHANNA LAAKSO, & ELENA SKRIBNIK THE OXFORD GUIDE TO THE URALIC LANGUAGES Oxford Guides to the world's languages GENERAL EDITORS Adam Ledgeway, University of Cambridge, and Martin Maiden, University of Oxford ADVISORY EDITORS Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Central Queensland University Geoffrey Khan University ofCambridge Edith Aldridge University of Washington Lutz Marten SOAS, London Stephen R. Anderson Yale University Marianne Mithun University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara Bernard Comrie University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara Irina Nikolaeva SOAS, London Jan Terje Faarlund University ofOslo Chris Reintges CNRS, Paris Alice Harris University ofMassachusetts, Amherst Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University Bernd Heine University ofCologne David Willis University ofOxford Paul Hopper Carnegie-Mellon University PUBLISHED The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages Edited by Adam Ledgeway and Martin Maiden The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Edited by Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages Edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik IN PREPARATION The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia Edited by Alexander Adelaar and Antoinette Schapper The Oxford Guide to the Afroasiatic Languages Edited by Sabrina Bendjaballab and Chris Reintges The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages Edited by Claire Bowern The Oxford Guide to the Papuan Languages Edited by Nicholas Evans and Sebastian Fedden The Oxford Guide to the Slavonic Languages Edited by Jan Fellerer and Neil Bermel The Oxford Guide to the Bantu Languages Edited by Ellen Hurst, Nancy Kula, Lutz Marten, and Jochen Zeller The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa Edited by Friederike Lŭpke The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes Edited by Matthias Urban THE OXFORD GUIDE TO THE Uralic Languages EDITED BY Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik OXTORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, 0X2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © editorial matter and organization Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik 2022 © the chapters their several authors 2022 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2022 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. 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Short contents Detailed contents ix Series preface xliv Transcription and glossing xlv The contributors xlix Mapping the distribution ofthe Uralic languages l TIMO RANTANEN, OUTI VESAKOSKI, AND JUSSI YLIKOSKI Introduction liv MARIANNE BAKRO-NAGY, JOHANNA LAAKSO, AND ELENA SKRIBNIK PART I: The Making of the Uralic Languages 1 1. Proto-Uralic 3 LUOBBAL SÁMMOL SÁMMOL ÁNTE (ANTE AIKIO) 2. The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring: A descendent reconstruction 28 JANNE SAARIKIVI 3. The making of the Uralic nation-state languages 59 JOHANNA LAAKSO 4. The Uralic minorities: Endangerment and revitalization 68 Annika Pasanen, Johanna laakso, and Anneli Sarhimaa 5. Language policy in Russia: The Uralic languages 79 KONSTANTIN ZAMYATIN 6. Graphization and orthographies of Uralic minority languages 91 Johanna laakso and Elena Skribnik PART II: Language descriptions 101 7. Saami: General introduction 103 EINO KOPONEN 8. South Saami 113 JUSSI YLIKOSKI 9. Lule Saami 130 Jussi Ylikoski 10. North Saami 147 LUOBBAL SÁMMOL SÁMMOL ÁNTE (ANTE AlKIO) AND JUSSI YLIKOSKI 11. Aanaar (lnari) Saami 178 TAARNA VALTONEN, JUSSI YLIKOSKI, AND LUOBBAL SÁMMOL SÁMMOL ÁNTE (ANTE AlKIO) V SHORT CONTENTS 12. Skolt Saami 196 EINO KOPONEN, MATTI MIESTAMO, AND MARKUS JUUTINEN 13. Kildin Saami 219 MICHAEL RIEßLER 14. Finnic: General introduction 240 JOHANNA LAAKSO 15. Finnish, Meänkieli, and Kven 254 JOHANNA LAAKSO 16. Karelian 269 ANNELI SARHIMAA 17. Veps 291 RIHO GRÜNTHAL 18. Ingrian 308 ELENA MARKUS AND FEDOR ROZHANSKIY 19. Votic 330 ELENA MARKUS AND FEDOR ROZHANSKIY 20. North and Standard Estonian 350 HELLE METSLANG 21. Seto South Estonian 367 KARL PAJUSALU 22. Livonian 380 JOHANNA LAAKSO 23. Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) 392 ARJA HAMARI AND RIGINA AJANKI 24. Mari 432 SIRKKA SAARINEN 25. Permic: General introduction 471 GERSON KLUMPP 26. Komi 487 NIKOLAY KUZNETSOV 27. Udmurt 507 SVETLANA EDYGAROVA 28. Ugric: General introduction 523 ELENA SKRIBNIK AND JOHANNA LAAKSO 29. North Mansi 537 MARIANNE BAKRO-NAGY, KATALIN SIPŐCZ, AND ELENA SKRIBNIK 30. East Mansi 565 ULLA-MAIJA FORSBERG 31. North Khanty 582 MÁRIA SIPOS SHORT CONTENTS 32. East Khanty 608 ZSOFIA SCHÖN AND KATALIN GUGÁN 33. Hungarian 636 ISTVÁN KENESEI AND KRISZTINA SZÉCSÉNYI 34. Samoyedic: General introduction 659 BEÁTA WAGNER-NAGY AND SÁNDOR SZEVERÉNYI 35. Nenets 674 SVETLANA BURKOVA 36. The EnetS languages 709 FLORIAN SIEGL 37. Nganasan 754 BEÁTA WAGNER-NAGY 38. Selkup 777 OLGA KAZAKEVIČ 39. Kamas 817 GERSON KLUMPP PART III: General issues and case studies 845 40. Introduction to Part III: General issues and case studies 847 MARIANNE BAKRO-NAGY, JOHANNA LAAKSO, AND ELENA SKRIBNIK 41. Palatalization 849 MARIANNE BAKRO-NAGY 42. Consonant gradation 859 MARIANNE BAKRO-NAGY 43. Prosody 868 KARL PAJUSALU 44. Case 879 SEPPO KITTILÄ, JOHANNA LAAKSO, AND JUSSI YLIKOSKI 45. Person marking 894 GWEN EVA JANDA, JOHANNA LAAKSO, AND HELLE METSLANG 46. TAM and evidentials 904 Jeremy Bradley, Gerson Klumpp, and Helle Metslang 47. Negation and negatives 924 MATTI MIESTAMO 48. Non-finites 936 JUSSI YLIKOSKI 49. Word order 950 MARIA VILKUNA 50. Adpositions and adpositional phrases 961 RIHO GRÜNTHAL vii SHORT CONTENTS 51. Existential, locational, and possessive sentences 970 JOHANNA LAAKSO AND BEÁTA WAGNER-NAGY 52. Nominal predication 981 RIGINA AJANKI, JOHANNA LAAKSO, AND ELENA SKRIBNIK 53. Clause combining 996 ELENA SKRIBNIK 54. Information structuring 1018 GERSON KLUMPP AND ELENA SKRIBNIK References 1037 Index 1103 viii Detailed contents Series preface xliv Transcription and glossing xIv The contributors xlix Mapping the distribution ofthe Uralic languages 1 TIMO RANTANEN, OUTI VESAKOSKI, AND JUSSI YLIKOSKI Introduction liv Marianne BAKRÓ-NAGY, Johanna laakso, and Elena Skribnik PART I: The Making of the Uralic Languages 1 1. Proto-Uralic LUOBBAL SÁMMOL SÁMMOL ÁNTE (ANTE AlKIO) 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The structure of the Uralic language family 3 1.3 Phonology 4 1.3.1 State of research 4 1.3.2 Phoneme inventory 5 1.3.3 Phonotactics 8 1.3.4 Morpheme structure 10 1.3.5 Morphophonology 10 1.4 Morphology 11 1.4.1 State of research 11 1.4.2 Word classes 12 1.4.3 Noun declension 14 1.4.4 Verb conjugation 16 1.4.5 Word formation 19 1.5 Syntax 21 1.6 Lexicon 22 1.6.1 State of research 22 1.6.2 Semantic overview 23 1.6.3 External connections 25 2. The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring: A descendent reconstruction 28 JANNE SAARIKIVI 2.1 Introduction and aims 28 2.2 Methodology 28 2.2.1 General outlines 28 2.2.2 Lexical strata 29 2.2.3 Areal linguistics 29 2.2.4 Toponymy 29 2.2.5 Palaeolinguistics 29 2.2.6 Archaeology, genetics, ethnicities, and language 30 2.2.7 Taxonomy of Uralic 31 ix