The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization

912 Pages·2014·23.67 MB·english

by  Simon Hornblower

THE OXFORD COMPANION TO
CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION
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THE OXFORD
COMPANION TO
C L A S S IC A L
C I V I L I Z AT ION
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
SIMON HORNBLOWER and ANTONY SPAWFORTH
Assistant Editor
ESTHER EIDINOW
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First edition published in hardback 1998
First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 2004
Second edition 2014
Impression: 1
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CONTENTS
Preface to the first edition vii
Preface to the second edition viii
List of new and replacement entries in the second edition ix
List of maps x
Index to Initials of Contributors xi
Thematic listing of entries xiv
Abbreviations xix
How to use this book xxviii
the oxford companion to classical civilization 1
Chronology 860
Select bibliography 866
Maps 869
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PREFACE TO THE
FIRST EDITION
This new Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization is an where the cross-reference was to a technical term which
up-to-date and authoritative, but handily sized, encyclo- no longer has its own entry.
paedia about the civilizations of Greece and Rome and A notable feature of the Companion is its many illustra-
their more or less immediate neighbours. The contribu- tions, which we hope succeed in adding a further dimension
tors number just over 300 of the world’s most distin- which will interest and stimulate readers to a fuller under-
guished classical scholars. The aim of the Companion is to standing of life in the ancient world. Here we are indebted to
make available to an even wider readership the essential Professor Brian Sparkes, who made the initial selection of
material from the very successful third (1996) edition of pictures and provided a great deal of further help to the pic-
the Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD3), but in a cheaper ture researcher. Our policy on illustration has been not just
and less weighty format. We have achieved the shorter to cover archaeological entries (sites, places, and so on) but
length by omitting entries which we thought too tech- as far as possible to reflect all the different scholarly areas
nical or recondite for the readership we envisage, and by represented in the book, underlining the great breadth of
removing the specialist bibliographies attached to par- the Companion text and of its parent volume.
ticular entries, adding instead a select general bibliog- At the Press we pay tribute to the enthusiasm and sup-
raphy at the back of the book. We have not, however, port of the commissioning editor, Michael Cox. We were
shortened individual entries in any other way (except enormously fortunate in that Pam Coote, in-house ed-
that we have retained only the general, introductory sec- itor for OCD3, performed the same job for this volume
tion of the long OCD3 entry on ‘music’; the Companion with her usual diligence, sympathy, and wisdom. We
entry thus becomes ‘music in Greek and Roman life’). are also grateful for the expertise of, respectively, Tom
Readers can therefore be assured that all the expert ma- Chandler (copy-editor), Sandra Assersohn (picture-
terial from OCD3 included in this Companion is un- research), Kim Richardson (maps and chronology), and
diluted and unabridged. Naturally, however, it has been Leofranc Holford-Strevens (for assistance with the the-
edited so as to achieve internal consistency: the copious matic listing of entries).
cross-references which were such a feature of OCD3 have
simon hornblower
either been adapted so that they refer to material else-
antony spawforth
where in the Companion or replaced by explanations,
1998
PREFACE TO THE
SECOND EDITION
The first edition of the Oxford Companion to Classical sioned by us for OCD4 (see List of New and Replacement
Civilization (OCCC) contained a wide-ranging selection Entries in the Second Edition).
of expert entries from the third edition (1996) of the On practicalities, we have retained and expanded the
Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD3), simplified on prin- List of Abbreviations (pp. xix–xxvii) and updated the
ciples described in the Preface to the First Edition. This Select Bibliography (p. 866).
second edition of the Companion (OCCC2) repeats We would like to express our thanks to the OUP team,
both the general format and the same selection, but these and especially to Leofranc Holford-Strevens for vital
entries are now taken from the fourth edition (2012) of help with the editing.
the Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD4), for which all
esther eidinow
entries in OCD3 were scrutinized and, if n ecessary, up-
simon hornblower
dated, either by their original authors, or by a new reviser
antony spawforth
chosen by us as editors of OCD4.
2014
In addition, OCCC2 contains an essential selection
from the new and completely replaced entries commis-
LIST OF NEW AND REPLACEMENT
ENTRIES IN THE SECOND EDITION
All existing entries from the first edition of OCCC included in this volume have been checked and where necessary
updated by the original author, an area advisor, or one of the editors. In addition this second edition of OCCC in-
cludes 50 new or entirely rewritten entries as listed here:
aetiology heresy
anthologies, Latin immortality
art, Jewish Jocasta (Iocasta)
belief Julii Caesares
books, sacred and cultic Laius
Carian language Luwian
catacombs, Jewish madness
circumcision masculinity
colour, ancient perceptions of materiality
court migration
creolization nature
dance (reception) opera
diagrams personification
emotions popular culture
encomium/enkōmion presocratic philosophers
epideictic prostitution, secular (male)
epigram, Latin religions, ancient, cognitive anthropology of
epinician poetry sabbath
ethics sacred laws
explanation, historical samaritans
film senses, ancient conceptions of
gender Socratic dialogues
ghosts supplication, Greek
Helena Augusta theatricality
Hellenistic philosophy tragedy, Greek, reception in antiquity; modern reception