Table Of Content

THE OXFORD CLASSICAL DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1999 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Libraiy Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Oxford classical dictionary / edited by Simon Homblower and Anthony Spawforth—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Classical dictionaries. I. Homblower, Simon. II. Spawforth, Anthony. 938.003—dc20 DE5.09 1996 96-5352 ISBN 0-19-866172-X 3579 10 864 Typeset by Selwood Systems, Midsomer Norton Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Preface vii List of New Entries xi Area Advisors XV Contributors xvii Abbreviations xxix Note to Readers lv The Oxford Classical Dictionary 1 PREFACE 1. The usefulness of the Oxford Classical Dictionary As an authoritative one-volume guide to all aspects of the ancient world, OCD has no competitor in any language. At one and the same time it offers, across the whole range of the study of the ancient world, both information presented in a form accessible to non-specialists and factual material and bibliographies detailed and specific enough to be valuable to the professional reader. No other single-volume work of reference remotely approaches OCD in the sheer quality of factual detail contained, and all our informal enquiries at the outset of this project showed that scholars and non-specialists alike turn to OCD for quick but authoritative and well-documented answers to concrete questions about the ancient world. 2. The need for a new edition The second edition, published in 1970 but conceived and written in the mid- to late 1960s, had come to seem very dated by the early 1990s. The intervening quarter-century had seen an explosion of scholarship, much of it important and innovative, in all areas covered. The individual bibliographies, which were so valuable a feature of OCD2, instantly betray the date of the material prefaced to them (and this of course will be no less true of the present edition). But the problem went deeper than that. The second edition itself contained much that was relatively lightly revised and carried over much material scarcely altered from the first edition of 1949. For instance, Greek religion and Greek economic life looked not much different in 1970 from the way they had looked in 1949, and it was obvious in 1990 that a complete overhaul was needed of these areas. Then there were the areas scarcely represented in the old editions because as fields of study they hardly existed at the time, notably the history of women, and topics (such as the near east) neglected because classical antiquity was conceived then in narrower terms than now (more on both these points below). Overall, that a new and up-to-date edition was called for in the 1990s is, we hope, uncontroversial. 3. The third edition The new and largely rewritten edition gathers 6,250 contributions written by an international team of 364 scholars between 1991 and 1994. Five guiding principles have shaped its form and content: Specificity Because so much of OCD’s value rests with its factual coverage, part of our task was simply to organize the updating or replacement of the existing material in the dictionary, and to fill in gaps in the coverage of OCD2 on its own terms. Every 1970 entry has been looked at by an expert or by ourselves; the very few retained unchanged are mostly extremely short entries (one important exception is H. T. Wade-Gery’s article on ‘Thucydides', an established classic from the 1949 edition, reprinted here, as in the second edition, but with a new section on work since 1970). By the same token, we have been very reluctant to cut back on factual material or to jettison whole entries altogether (except—rarely—where their usefulness now seems doubt¬ ful, as with the old entries for individual Greek pot-painters, here suppressed). A less traditional OCD but with the same title As to definition and scope, we had no doubt that the centrality of Greece and Rome should be retained in the new edition and for this reason we have kept the old title. But our feeling was that in earlier editions a certain top-heaviness in favour of the purely literary aspects of those cultures was detectable and needed correcting. vu Preface First, we have tried to give a voice to the increasingly interdisciplinary character of classical studies. Thus we reject the sharp distinction made in the Preface to the second edition between ‘classical’ and ‘archaeological’. In keeping with modern trends in our discipline, we have tried to integrate archaeological and non-archaeological methods and evidence. But, rather than seeking to single out archaeology alone, we have preferred to emphasize the whole range of disciplines informing classical studies these days: hence, for instance, the new entries on ‘anthropology and the classics’, ‘literary theory and classical studies’, and ‘Marxism and classical antiquity’. Secondly, we have sought to give more space to previously underrepresented areas—not least the history of women, along with the whole area of ancient sexuality (sufficiently inchoate as late as the mid-1960s for the entry on ‘homosexuality’ in this edition to be a new departure). We have also aimed to enhance the amount of coverage given to regions and cultures beyond the core areas of Greece and Italy. Whereas treatment of Rome’s provinces (especially the western ones) has always been fairly thorough, the near-eastern world with which the Greeks (and Romans) interacted so fruitfully had—we felt—been given less than its due in previous editions. With the help of our three expert advisors on respectively women, the near east, and the Jews (for their names see p. xv) we have sought to remedy these weaknesses. More thematic entries It was our firm belief that a new OCD should, subject to the retention of the specificity insisted on already, be much more thematic than its predecessors. Our enquiries stressed the needs of general readers looking for synoptic and accessible treatment of large topics still immediately relevant to the late twentieth century. Such readers, especially North American ones accustomed to thematically presented works of reference, ought to be catered for better than in the second edition. From the list of 'new entries’ annexed to this Preface (p. xi below) it will be seen at a glance how far we have gone in this direction (for example, apart from ones already mentioned, ‘disease’, ‘ecology’, ‘economy’, ‘imperialism’, ‘literacy’, ‘motherhood’, and ‘technology’). As a result, the new OCD has a flavour quite different from its predecessors. Accessibility An important element in the philosophy governing this edition has been accessibil¬ ity. Thus in the new edition, untranslated Greek and Latin has been kept to a minimum and plain English has been preferred to the ‘mandarin’ which sometimes characterized earlier editions. Generally, contributors were asked to express themselves in a manner intelligible to non-specialists. In order to save space and achieve a less cluttered-looking text, we have, to indicate cross-references, used asterisks in front of words rather than q.v. Two specific issues raised by this general philosophy of accessibility need flagging here. First, there is a close connection between our desire for accessibility and the spelling of ancient (especially Greek) names. We were convinced that the more familiar form, which is usually the Latin one, should be preferred (for example, Aeschylus not Aiskhylos, Corinth not Korinth). The Graeco-Roman world, like the biblical, still remains a part of the common anglophone heritage. In a work of reference aimed at a general (as well as a specialist) readership, familiar spellings long domesticated in the English language should not, therefore, be jettisoned for the esoteric (any more than editors of biblical companions refer their users to the New Testament books of‘Markos’, ‘Timotheos’, etc.). In preferring to be helpful, we do not claim to have been absolutely consistent, and have therefore included cross-references in doubtful cases (thus under ‘Kronos’ there is an entry ‘see Cronus’). Secondly, we have departed from the traditional form in which OCD lists Roman proper names of the republican and imperial periods (up to about ad 275). Instead of doing so by cognomen, we list by nomen—the logical and professional practice followed by standard works of reference such as Pauly-Wissowa's Real-Encyclopadie. In this way we have got rid of the absurd anomaly whereby, for instance, brothers from the gens Aemilia appeared under different letters of the alphabet (Lepidus; Paullus). For further details readers are directed to the Note to Readers (p. lv, below). viii Preface One innovation in 1970 has been dropped in this edition: the index of names etc. not featured as headwords in the dictionary (this was not an index in the conventional sense but a long alphabetical list of cross-references of the form ‘Incense, see sacrifice; prayer’). Enquiries and our own experience suggested that this tool was, however useful in theory, not much used in practice; some of those to whom we asked for comment were actually unaware that it existed. Instead we have included (in this respect reverting to the practice of the first edition of 1949) a large number of‘signpost’ cross-references in the body of the dictionary—the natural and time¬ saving place for them. Thus under ‘malaria’ you will find ‘See disease’ and under ‘Ulysses' you will find ‘See Odysseus’. We have also included plenty of thematic signposts such as ‘demography See population’ or ‘representation, representative government See demes; federal states’. One reason for the old index has in any case been removed by our adoption of a more systematic and professional principle of ordering Roman names: some of the old index entries were evidently designed to lessen the confusion caused by operating a double system of nomen/cognomen. Many names in the old index now have new full-length entries of their own in the dictionary itself, such as Cytinium, Eucratides, Hippodamia, Scyros, Torone, and Xanthus (the Lycian city). An international OCD We were concerned not to make the new OCD too parochially British— a criticism levelled by implication at the first edition and which the second edition did little to offset. This is not just internationalism for its own sake: the aim of all concerned has been to secure the best experts on the topics covered, wherever in the world they happen to be. So, in Greek religion alone, the distinguished team of contributors for OCD3 is drawn from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Great Britain, the United States, and Switzerland. 4. Format In order to achieve the improved coverage on the lines outlined above, the new edition is some 30 per cent bigger than its predecessor. It retains the same basic format as the second edition— that is, a single alphabetically arranged volume, laid out in two columns, and without illus¬ trations or maps. We were happy with this restriction, not least because to depart from it would make the book unwieldy and very expensive. 5. Acknowledgements As editors we took on direct responsibility for revising about half the dictionary (the areas of Greek and Roman history, Greek law, historiography, art, and archaeology). For the other half, we relied on the help of a team of expert advisors (for a list see p. xv). If the new edition is judged a success, it is in no small part their doing, and we wish to put on record our heartfelt thanks to them, not least for the occasions on which individual advisors went well beyond the call of duty in giving us help. In particular, we acknowledge with deep gratitude the work of E. Badian, who, in and beyond his role as area advisor, spent a week in England during May 1994 correcting the numerous errors arising from our reorganization of the listing of Roman proper names (see above). We acknowledge extra help from a number of individuals, some of them contributors, some not: Gisa Bielfeldt (for translation of some German entries which arrived at a late stage) and, for advice and comments on particular problems: Peter Jones, Lisa Kallet-Marx, Fergus Millar, Robin Osborne, and Bill Parry. The staff of the Hellenic and Roman Societies Library, London, deserve special thanks for their invariable helpfulness. Fred Williams generously helped with the proofs. At the Press, both academic editors wish to record their appreciation of the unswerving support, good sense, and hard work of Pam Coote, the in-house editor of the Reference Division, IX Preface and the prompt and good-humoured efficiency of her assistant Wendy Tuckey. Copy-editing was mainly done by Julian Ward, to whom we pay tribute for his splendid efforts on this vast task during the academic year 1994-5. We are grateful to Alysoun Owen for her cheerful and effective day-to-day guidance of the project during the production stage. Antony Spawforth would like to thank Newcastle upon Tyne University for a term’s leave at a critical stage and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, where he corrected proofs in ideal surroundings. Although this Preface is not the place for mutual self-congratulation, it may as well be recorded (since not all academic collaborations end so happily) that the harmonious working relationship of the two academic editors—forged in Athens between 1979 and 1989, when both had lectured to courses for schoolteachers at the British School—was only strengthened by the years of collaboration over OCD; and that mutual respect grew as the OCD job grew—or rather, as its true and terrible size became apparent. The postscript to the ninth (1940) edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon ends with the moving words: ‘the monument of unselfish industry is at last complete’. This edition of OCD was not so long in gestation as LSJ9, and we hesitate—and not just from modesty—to claim all the altruism implicit in that ‘unselfish’. Nevertheless, the pressures of university life are now in the direction of selfish productivity at the level of pure research. It is therefore profoundly encouraging that our contributors and area advisors were willing to make time and effort available for a collective (but we hope also creative) work of synthesis like this new edition of OCD, and to provide us and above all the book’s users with work of such extraordinarily high quality. We hope and believe that OCD3 is not merely an authoritative summing-up of classical scholarship, broadly defined, as it was in 1991-4 (no small achievement if true); but that the entries, particularly but by no means only the thematic ones, are stimulating and original enough to make a difference to the way their various subjects are viewed in the future. Simon Hornblower Antony Spawforth 1996