Table Of Content

THE OXFORD BIBLE COMMENTARY EDITORS John Barton, Oriel and Laing Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, University of Oxford John Muddiman, Fellow of Mansfield College, Oxford ASSOCIATE EDITORS Loveday Alexander, University Lecturer in New Testament Studies, University of Sheffield Martin Goodman, Professor of]ewish Studies and Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford Rex Mason, Emeritus Fellow of Regent's Park College, Oxford Henry Wansbrough OSB, Master of St Benet's Hall, Oxford This page intentionally left blank THE OXFORD COMMENTARY EDITED BY JOHN BARTON AND JOHN MUDDIMAN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVllRSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6nP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala LumpUI Madrid MelboUine Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand TUikey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2001 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 First published in paperback 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oxford Bible Commentary f edited by John Barton and John Muddiman. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. I. Bible-Commentaries. I. Barton, John, 1948- II. Muddiman, John. BS49I.3 .094 2001 220.7--dC21 200102II39 ISBN 978-o-19-875500-5 (Hbk.) 978-o-19-927718-6 (Pbk.) 3 5 7 9 IO 8 6 4 2 Printed and bound in Orina through Phoenix Offset Acknowledgements We gratefully and fully acknowledge the assistance we have received from our co-editors, Dr Rex Mason (for the Old Testament), Professor Martin Goodman (for the Apocrypha), Dr Loveday Alexander and Dom Henry Wans brough, osB (for the New Testament). Our thanks are also due to the contributors of the individual articles, and to the expert management and editing team of the Oxford University Press, in particular Hilary O'Shea, the commissioning editor, and Sylvia Jaffrey, to whom we are indebted for her expert copy-editing of such a huge work. OXFORD july 2000 J. B. J. M. This page intentionally left blank List of Contents List of Maps X List of Contributors Xl Abbreviations Xlll 1. General Introduction I 2. Introduction to the Old Testament 5 3. Introduction to the Pentateuch I2 4. Genesis 38 5. Exodus 67 6. Leviticus 9I 7. Numbers 110 8. Deuteronomy I35 9. Joshua I 58 10. Judges q6 11. Ruth I92 12. I & 2 Samuel I96 13. I & 2 Kings 232 14. I & 2 Chronicles 267 15. Ezra-Nehemiah 308 16. Esther 324 17. Job 331 18. Psalms 355 19. Proverbs 4°5 20. Ecclesiastes 423 21. Song of Solomon 429 22. Isaiah 433 23. Jeremiah 487 24. Lamentations p8 25. Ezekiel 533 26. Daniel 563 27. Hosea 57 I 28. Joel 578 29. Amos 58 I 30. Obadiah 59° 31. Jonah 593 CONTENTS Vlll 32. Micah 595 33. Nahum 599 34. Habakkuk 601 35. Zephaniah 6o4 36. Haggai 6o7 37. Zechariah 610 38. Malachi 6I5 39. Introduction to the Apocrypha 6q 40. Tobit 626 41. Judith 632 42. Esther (Greek) 642 43. The Wisdom of Solomon 65o 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach 667 45. Baruch with the Letter ofJeremiah 699 46. Additions to Daniel: the Prayer of Azariah, the Song of the Three Jews, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon 7°4 47. I Maccabees 711 48. 2 Maccabees 734 49. I Esdras 75I SO. Prayer ofManasseh 770 51. Psalm I5I 773 52. 3 Maccabees 773 53. 2 Esdras 775 54. 4 Maccabees 79° 55. Essay with Commentary on Post-Biblical Jewish Literature 792 56. Introduction to the New Testament 830 57. Matthew 844 58. Mark 886 59. Luke 922 60. John 960 61. The Four Gospels in Synopsis IOOI 62. Acts I028 63. Introduction to the Pauline Corpus 1062 64. Romans 1083 65. I Corinthians no8 IX CONTENTS 66. 2 Corinthians 1134 67. Galatians 1152 68. Ephesians 1165 69. Philippians 1179 70. Colossians 119I 71. I Thessalonians 1199 72. 2 Thessalonians I2I3 73. The Pastoral Epistles: I & 2 Timothy and Titus I220 74. Philemon I233 75. Hebrews I236 76. James I255 77. I Peter 1263 78. 2 Peter I270 79. I John, 2 John, and 3 John I274 80. Jude 1284 81. Revelation 1287 82. Extra-canonical early Christian literature I306 83. Bibliographical Guide to Biblical Studies I33I Index I347 List of Maps between pages 13 4 6 and 13 4 7 1. The Ancient Near East before the Exodus 2. Israel in Canaan 3. The United Monarchy 4. The Kingdoms oflsrael and Judah 5. The Assyrian Empire 6. The Kingdom of Judah 7. The Babylonian Empire 8. Palestine after the Exile 9. The Hellenistic Period 10. Palestine at the Time of Jesus 11. The New Testament World Dr K. T. Aitken University of Aberdeen Dr Loveday Alexander University of Shq]ield Professor Philip Alexander University of Manchester Professor Dale C. Allison Jr Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Professor Harold W. Attridge Yale Divinity School Professor John Barclay University of Glasgow Professor Richard Bauckham University of St Andrews Dr Athalya Brenner University of Amsterdam Professor George J. Brooke University of Manchester Dr Christoph Bultmann University of Gottingen R. Coggins King's College London Professor John J. Collins Yale Divinity School Professor James L. Crenshaw Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Professor P. R. Davies University of Shq]ield Dr G. I. Davies University of Cambridge Dr John Day University of Oxford Professor Walter Dietrich University of Bern Dr Jennifer M. Dines csA University of London List of Contributors Dr Terence L. Donaldson Wycliffe College, Toronto Professor R. Doran Amherst College, Massachusetts Clare Drury University of Cambridge Dr Jeremy Duff University of Oxford Professor J. D. G. Dunn University of Durham David J. Elliott Wycliffe College, Stonehouse Professor J. K. Elliott University of Leeds Dr Grace I. Emmerson Worcester Professor Philip F. Esler University of St Andrews Dr Eric Eve University of Oxford Professor Joseph A. Fitzmyer SJ Catholic University of America, Washington DC Eric Franklin St Stephen's House, Oxford Professor Terence E. Fretheim Luther Seminary, St Paul, Minnesota Professor J. Galambush College of William and Mary, Williamsburg Professor Martin Goodman University of Oxford Professor Donald E. Gowan Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Professor Lester L. Grabbe University of Hull Dr Peter Hayman University of Edinburgh Dr Craig C. Hill Wesley Theological Seminary, Washington DC Professor William Horbury University of Cambridge Professor Leslie Houlden King's College, London Dr Walter Houston Mansfield College, Oxford Professor Sara Japhet Hebrew University of jerusalem Professor Gwilym H. Jones University of Wales, Bangor Dr P. M. Joyce University of Oxford Professor Carl-A. Keller University of Lausanne Professor Rene Kieffer University of Uppsala Dr Katrina J. A. Larkin King's College London Professor Amy-Jill Levine Vanderbilt Divinity School, Nashville Professor Judith Lieu King's College London Professor Margaret MacDonald St Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia Dr Rex Mason University of Oxford Professor H. P. Mathys University of Basel Dr Gordon McConville Cheltenham 1.?[ Gloucester College of Higher Education LIST OF CONTRI BUTORS Professor Carol Meyers Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Professor Jerome Murphy O'Connor OP Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Franqaise, Jerusalem Dr Robert Murray SJ University of London Professor George W. E. Nickels burg University of Iowa Professor Susan Niditch Amherst College, Massachusetts Professor Julia M. O'Brien Lancaster Theological Seminary, Pennsylvania Professor Kathleen M. O'Connor Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Georgia Dr Sarah Pearce University of Southampton xii Professor D. L. Petersen Iliff School of Theology, Denver Professor Uriel Rappaport University of Haifa Dr Adele Reinhartz McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Dr Rainer Riesner Dusslingen Dr C. S. Rodd Emsworth, Hampshire Professor J. Rogerson University of Sheffield Professor C. Rowland University of Oxford Dr Alison Salvesen University of Oxford Professor Daniel L. Smith -Christopher Loyola-Marymount University, Los Angeles Peter J. M. Southwell University of Oxford Professor G. N. Stanton University of Cambridge Professor C. M. Tuckett University of Oxford Dom Henry Wansbrough OSB University of Oxford Dr Craig S. Wansink Virginia Wesleyan College, Noifolk, Virginia Dr Stuart Weeks University of Durham tProfessor R. N. Whybray formerly University of Hull Professor H. G. M. Williamson University of Oxford AASF AASOR AAT AB ABD AJO AGJU AJS Review An Bib ANET ANRW AOAT AP APOT Aram. ARN ARW ASOR AT ANT ATAT ATD AT Dan b. B BA BAGD BAR BAS OR BBB BBET BBR BCE BDF BEATAJ BETL BEvT BHS Abbreviations GENERAL Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research Agypten und Altes Testament Anchor Bible D. N. Freedman (ed.), Anchor Bible Dictionary (6 vols.; New York: Doubleday, 1992) Archiv for Orientforschung Arbeiten zur Geschichte das antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums Review of Association for Jewish Studies Analecta biblica James B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3rd. edn. 1969) Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt Alter Orient und Altes Testament Aramaic Papyrus, -ri R. H. Charles (ed.), Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1912) Aramaic Aboth de-Rabbi Nathan see 'Abot R. Nat. below Archiv for Religionswissenschaft American Schools of Oriental Research Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments Arbeiten zu Text und Sprache im Alten Testament Das Alte Testament Deutsch Acta theologica danica Babylonian Talmud 4th-cent. MS of part of NT, in the Vatican Library Biblical Archaeologist W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker, Greek-English Lexicon of the NT and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press, 1979 rev. edn.) Biblical Archaeologist Reader Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Bonner biblische Beitrage Beitrage zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie Bulletin for Biblical Research Before Common Era F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament (Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press, 1961) Beitrage zur Erforschung des Alten Testaments und des antiken Judentums Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Beitrage zur evangelischen Theologie Biblia hebraica stuttgartensia ABB REVIATI O N S Bib. BJ BJRL BKAT BN BNTC BR Br. Arch. Rep. BSac BSO(A)S BWANT BWAT BZAW BZNW CAT CBC CBQ CBQMS CChr.SL CD CE CGTC CII Con BOT CP CQ CRINT csco CTA ctr. CurTM D DCH Dittenberg. SIC DJD DOTT E EB Ebib ECL EDNT EI EKKNT ErFor XIV Biblica Bonner Jahrbucher Bulletin of the ] ohn Rylands Library Biblischer Kommentar: Altes Testament Beitriige zur Namenforschung Black's New Testament Commentaries Biblical Research British Archaeological Reports Bibliotheca Sacra Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament Beihefte zur ZA W Beihefte zur ZNW Commentaire de YAncien Testament Cambridge Bible Commentary Catholic Biblical Quarterly Catholic Biblical Quarterly-Monograph Series Corpus Christianorum Series Latina Cairo Geniza, Damascus Document Common Era Cambridge Greek Testament Commentaries Corpus inscriptionum iudaicarum Coniectanea biblica, Old Testament Classical Philology Church Quarterly Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad novum testamentum Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium A. Herdner, Corpus des tablettes en cuneiforme alphabetiques contrast Currents in Theology and Mission Deuteronomist source in the Pentateuch Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993) W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn., Leipzig, 1915-24 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert D. W. Thomas (ed.), Documents from Old Testament Times (London: Harper and Row, 1958) Elohist source in the Pentateuch Echter Bibel Etudes bibliques Early Christian Literature (Extracanonical) H. Balz and G. Schneider (eds.), Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament (3 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990) Bretz-Israel Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Ertrage der Forschung